Vocabulary
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ecology | the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment
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interdependence | the dependence of every organism on its connections with other living and nonliving parts of its environment
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ecological model | a model that represents or describes the relationship between the components of an ecological system
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biosphere | the part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms on Earth
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ecosystem | a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
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community | a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other
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population | a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed
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habitat | the place where an organism usually lives
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biotic factor | an environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activities of living organisms
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abiotic factor | an environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms
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tolerance curve | a graph of the performance of an organism versus the value of an environmental variable
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acclimation | an organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment
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conformer | an organism whose physiological reactions follow environmental changes
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regulator | organisms that use energy to control some of their internal conditions
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dormancy | a state in which seeds, spores, bulbs, and other reproductive organs stop growth and development and reduce their metabolism, especially respiration
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migration | in general, any movement of individuals or populations from one location to another; specifically, a periodic group movement that is characteristic of a given population or species
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niche | the unique position occupied by a species, both in terms of its physical use of its habitat and its function within an ecological community
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generalist | a species that has a broad niche such that the species can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources
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specialist | an individual or a species that is adapted to a particular environmental factor or ecological niche and that can tolerate only a narrow range of conditions
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producer | an organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic autotroph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem
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chemosynthesis | the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light
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gross primary productivity | the rate at which organic matter is assimilated by plants and other producers during a period of time over a certain area
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biomass | plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy source
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net primary productivity | the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem
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consumer | an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources
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herbivore | an organism that eats only plants
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carnivore | an organism that eats animals
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omnivore | an organism that eats both plants and animals
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detritivore | a consumer that feeds on dead plants and animals
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trophic level | one of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid; examples include producers and primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers
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food chain | the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms
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food web | a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
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biogeochemical cycle | the circulation of substances through living organisms from or to the environment
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groundwater | the water that is beneath the Earth's surface
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water cycle | the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans
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transpiration | the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata; also the release of water vapor into the air by other organisms
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carbon cycle | the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
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nitrogen cycle | the process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem
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nitrogen fixation | the process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted into ammonia, a compound that organisms can use to make amino acids and other nitrogen-containing organic molecules
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nitrogen-fixing bacteria | bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
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ammonification | the formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter
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nitrification | the process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by bacteria in the soil
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denitrification | the liberation of nitrogen from nitrogen-containing compounds by bacteria in the soil
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phosphorus cycle | the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment
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decomposer | an organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms; examples include bacteria and fungi
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