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Intro to Anatomy & Physiology and Medical Terms

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Term
Definition
cell   fundamental unit of life  
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organization of the body - smallest to largest   atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems  
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atoms and cells   are the smallest units that make up the organelles of a cell  
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the shape and size of a cell   depends upon the function of the cell ie. muscle cell, epithelial cell, fat cell, nerve cell  
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each cell is capable of   performing all functions like a large organism  
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a number of similar cells performing the same function is known as   a tissue  
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different tissues are   muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue  
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a number of similar tissues working together to perform the same function is known are known as   an organ (ie stomach)  
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a number of similar organs working together to perform the same function is known are known as   a system (ie digestive system)  
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a number of similar systems working together to perform the same function is known are known as   a system (ie the human body)  
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superior   above a certain structure or location of the body  
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inferior   below a certain structure or location of the body  
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ventral   toward the belly or front of the body or structure  
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dorsal   toward the back of the body or structure  
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medial   toward the middle, body midline or in the center of the body  
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lateral   on the side of the body or structure  
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intermediate   between two organs, objects or points of the body  
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ipsilateral   on the same side of the body or structure  
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contralateral   on opposite sides of the body or structure  
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proximal   toward an origin of a structure or closest to the body midline ie shoulder is proximal to body  
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distal   farther away from an origin of a structure of the body midline ie wrist is distal to shoulder  
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superficial   toward the surface of a structure or body  
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deep   away from the surface of a structure or a body  
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anterior   toward the front of the body of a structure or a body  
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posterior   toward the rear of a structure or body  
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supine   lying on the back  
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prone   lying on the stomach  
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planes of the body are   imaginary flat surfaces dividing the body from different sides  
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frontal or coronal   a vertical plane dividing a bilaterally symmetrical body, structure or organism into anterior and posterior sections (ie front and back halfs)  
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sagittal   a vertical plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical body, structure or organism into two left and right equal halves (ie mirror image halves)  
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parasagittal   a vertical plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical body, structure or organism into two left and right unequal halves  
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transverse (cross-sectional)   a plane passing through a body, structure or organism that is at a 90 degree angle to the long (generally vertical) axis of the structure  
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oblique   a plane passing through a body, structure or organism that is at an angle other than 90 degrees to the long (vertical) axis of the body  
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body cavities are   spaces within the body the contain internal organs (viscera)  
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dorsal cavities   toward the back of the body - cranial cavity and spinal cavity  
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cranial cavity   contains the brain and the pituitary gland  
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spinal cavity   contains the spinal cord  
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ventral cavities   toward the front of the body - thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities  
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thoracic cavity   contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland and aorta  
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abdominal cavity   contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gallbladder  
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pelvic cavity   contains portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, and the vagina  
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the thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by   a muscular wall like structure called the diaphragm  
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andominopelvic cavity   is the abdominal and pelvic cavities - they do not have a separation (like a diaphragm), only an imaginary line to separate them  
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digestive system   consists of the digestive tract and four accessory organs connected by ducts - salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder - that secrete substances into the tract that aid in the processes of digestion and absorption  
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digestive tract is also called   alimentary canal, or the gastrointestinal tract and extends from the mouth to the anus  
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different regions of the digestive tract   the oral cavity, the throat called pharynx, the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon  
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the three sections of the small intestines are   the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum  
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the digestive system converts food into nutrients by three processes   ingestion, digestion and excretion  
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urinary system   consists of two kidneys, two ureters, and one urinary bladder  
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main function of the urinary system   to remove nitrogenous wastes that are produced in the body when proteins combine with oxygen  
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urea   wastes that are filtered from the blood and removed from the kidneys as a water soluble waste  
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two functions of the kidneys are   removing urea from the blood, maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids  
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the kidneys act as endocrine organs and secrete two hormones   rennin and erythropoietin  
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an active form of which vitamin is secreted by the kidneys   Vitamin D  
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which two hormones are degraded and excreted from the bloodstream by the kidneys   insulin and parathyroid  
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urine is produced in three steps   filtration, reabsorption, secretion  
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urinary bladder   stores urine until it is expelled out by a process called micturition or voiding  
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female reproductive system   is made up of uterus, the female gonads called ovaries, fallopian tubes (uterine tubes), vagina, and external genitalia  
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the uterus   is a hollow, muscular sac, roughly the size of fist and shaped like an upside down pear.  
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the mammary glands   are two accessory organs which produce and secrete milk after childbirth  
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fallopian tubes   one on each side of the uterus transport the ova (egg) from the ovaries to uterus  
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male reproductive system   is made up of the male gonads (testes), the male reproductive tract, accessory glands and external genitalia  
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the testes (testicles)   are responsible for the production of the sperm, and the production of the male hormone testosterone  
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the male accessory reproductive glands are   two seminal vesicles, prostate gland, two bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands). The secretions from these glands, along with the sperms form a fluid called the semen  
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the male external genitalia consists of   the scrotum and the penis  
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cranial nervous system   nerves go from the brain to the eyes, mouth, ears and other parts of the head  
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central nervous system   nerves are in your brain and spinal cord  
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peripheral nervous system   nerves go from spinal cord to your arms, hands, legs and feet  
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autonomic nervous system   nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder and sex organs (all the main functioning organs)  
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the nervous system   consists of the central nervous systems (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)  
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the CNS (central nervous system)   consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain receives data, processes it and initiates a response. The spinal cord carries information back and forth between the brain and the PNS  
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the PNS (peripheral nervous system)   consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves  
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cranial nerves   arise directly from the brain, and supply the head and neck regions  
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peripheral nerves   arise from the spinal cord and carry messages to the CNS from the trunk and extremities  
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the respiratory system   composed of the nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, the bronchi and lungs  
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inspiration   the breathing in of air into the lungs  
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expiration   the breathing out of air from the lungs  
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respiration   inspiration and expiration together  
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external respiration   the exchange of gases in the lungs (ie oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood)  
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internal respiration   the exchange of gases in the tissues (ie oxygen leaves the blood to enter the tissues and carbon dioxide leaves the tissues to enter the blood)  
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the skeleton   is the support forming the framework of the body onto which everything else is attached - thus protecting the underlying soft tissues like heart and lungs  
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to allow the movement of the joints   bones along with muscles, tendons and ligaments  
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bones   are store houses of calcium and phosphorous  
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red bone marrow   produces blood cells  
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muscles are important because   they not only enable us to walk, run, lift ect. they are necessary for all body functions like breathing and movement of the digestive tract  
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the skin   is the largest organ of the body  
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integumentary system   includes the skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails  
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integument means   covering  
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the skin consists of 3 layers   epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fatty layer  
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the dermis consists of   connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels and nerve endings  
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the subcutaneous tissue does what   helps maintain the temperature of the body  
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melanocytes   cells that contain a black pigment that gives our skin its color  
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the "sense" organs are   the eye, ear, skin, taste buds, and nose  
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the eye does what   enables us to see near and distant objects in quick succession with a feature called accommodation  
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the eye   a sphere with an outer layer (sclera), a middle layer (choroid) and an inner layer (retina)  
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the sclera   maintains the shape of the eye  
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the choroid   is the vascular layer  
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the retina   is the sensitive layer that enables us to see  
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the ear does what   enables us to hear and also maintain our balance  
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the ear   is made up of three distinct sections - the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear  
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the external ear   receives sound waves that vibrate the eardrum, which in turn vibrates the three small bones in the inner ear that are in contact with the oval window of the inner ear  
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the cochlea   picks up the sound waves which transmits them to the brain through the cochlear nerve  
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2 components of the cardiovascular system   the heart and the blood vessels  
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largest connective tissue of the body   blood ? I think it's blood vessels  
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the blood   is pumped by the heart into the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system - delivering oxygen, heat and essential nutrients to every cell in the body  
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the heart   is a muscular organ located in the chest that is the pump helping circulate blood all over the body  
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the arteries   carry blood away from the heart to body tissues  
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the veins   carry the blood back to the heart from the body tissues  
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hemopoiesis   formation of the blood cells  
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before birth - the production of blood cells are   formed in the liver, spleen, and a few in the thymus, lymph and bone marrow  
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after birth - the production of blood cells are   mostly done in the red bone marrow, but some white blood cells are produced in lymph nodes and the spleen  
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stem cell   also called hemopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast - all the different blood cells develop from this type of cell  
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when a stem cell divides   one of the daughter cell remains as a stem cell, the other becomes any one of the other types of blood cells  
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the blood volume is made up of   45% blood cells and 55% plasma  
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plasma is   made up of mainly water with proteins, sugar, salts, hormones, and vitamins floating in it  
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the three main types of blood cells are   erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets)  
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the erythrocytes   red blood cells - disc shaped, help carry oxygen to the tissues  
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the leukocytes   white blood cells - helps protect the body by attacking the foreign antigens and dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris  
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the five types of leukocytes are   neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes  
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the thrombocytes   are tiny fragment like cells and help in the clotting of blood  
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lymphatic system   consists of a system of fine vessels that have a fluid called lymph running through them and the lymph nodes  
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lymph means   clear spring water - when fluid found in the spaces around tissue cells is picked up by the lymph vessels. Does not contain any red blood cells, platelets and very few proteins  
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lymph nodes   collections of lymphoid tissue along the route of the lymphatics  
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lymph nodes produce   white blood cells called lymphocytes which protect the body by producing antibodies  
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phagocytes   are white blood cells present in lymph nodes that swallow and destroy bacteria in the lymph  
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two accessory organs of the lymphatic system are   thymus gland and spleen  
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thymus gland   helps in the production of antibodies  
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the spleen   helps in storage blood cells and removal of old red blood cells and microorganisms like bacteria  
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the endocrine system   consists of a number of glands that secrete their secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream  
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hormone   means urging on  
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hormones   are chemical substances that are transported to their target organs through the bloodstream and regulate various functions of an organism  
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the pituitary gland   called the "master" endocrine gland - it produces a number of hormones that act on the other endocrine glands to regulate their secretions and function  
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hormones work by   binding to receptor sites in their target organs very much like a key fitting into a lock  
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a- an-   without, not, lack of, absent, deficient  
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ab-   away from  
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abdomin/o   abdomen  
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acous/o   hearing, sound  
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-ac   pertaining to  
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acr/o acromin/o   extreme ends of a part, especially on extremities  
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actin/o   relationship to raylike structures or x-rays or some other type of radiation  
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-acusis   hearing  
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ad-   to, toward, near, added to  
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aden/o   gland  
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adenoid/o   adenoids  
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adenex/o   structure, next to  
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adip/o   fat  
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adren/o adrenal/o   adrenal gland  
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aer/o   air  
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agglutin/o   clumping, sticking together  
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-agogue   inducing, leading, stimulating  
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-agon   to assemble, gather  
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-al   pertaining to  
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albin/o   white  
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albumin/o   albumin (protein)  
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alges/o, algi/o- , algesi/o   pain  
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-algesia   sensitivity to pain  
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-algia   pain, painful condition  
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alveol/o   alveolus, air sac, small sac  
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amb-, ambi-, ambo-   both, on two sides  
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angi/o   vessel  
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anis/o   unequal  
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an/o   anus  
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ante-   before, forward, in front of  
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anter/o   position ahead of or in front of  
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anti-   against, to prevent, suppress or destroy  
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aort/o   aorta  
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append/o, appendic/o   appendix  
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aque/o   water  
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-arche   beginning  
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arter/o, arteri/o   artery  
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arthr/o   joint, articulation  
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articul/o   joint, articulation  
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-arthria   articulate (speak distinctly)  
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-ary   pertaining to  
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-ase   enzyme  
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-asis   condition, usually abnormal  
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-asthenia   lack of strength  
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ather/o   plaque, fatty substance  
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atri/o   atrium, upper heart chamber  
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audi/o   sound, hearing  
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aur/o   ear  
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auricul/o   ear  
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auto-   self  
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axill/o   armpit  
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azot/o   urea, nitrogen  
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bacteri/o   bacteria  
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balan/o   glans penis  
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bas/o   base, opposite to acid  
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bi-   double, two, twice  
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bili/o, bil/l   bile, gall  
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bilirubin/o   bilirubin  
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bi/o   life, living organism  
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blast-, blast/o, -blast   early stage, immature cell or bud  
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bleph-, blephar-, blephar/o   eyelid, eyelash  
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brachi/o   arm  
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brachy-   short  
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brady-   slow  
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bronch/o, bronchi/o, bronchio/o   bronchus, bronchi  
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bucc/o   cheek  
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burs/o   bursa (sac of fluid near the joint)  
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calc/o   calcium  
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cali/o, calic/o   calyx (in the kidney)  
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capn/o   carbon dioxide  
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-capnia   carbon dioxide  
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carcin/o   cancer  
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cardi/o   heart  
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carp/o   wrist bones (carpals)  
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caud/o   tail, lower part of the body  
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caus/o   burn, burning  
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cauter/o   heat, burn  
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cec/o   cecum (a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines)  
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-cele   hernia, herniation, pouching, swelling; enlarged space or cavity  
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celi/o, cel/o   belly, abdomen  
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-centesis   relating to 100 (used in naming units of measurements)  
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centi-   relating to 100 (used in naming units of measurements)  
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cephal/o   head  
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cerebell/o   cerebellum, posterior part of the brain  
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cerebr/o   brain  
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cervic/o   neck  
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cheil-, cheil/o, chil/o   lips  
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cheir-, cheir/o (also written chir-, chiro-)   hand  
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-chezia   defecation, elimination of wastes  
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choledoch/o   common bile duct  
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chlorhydr/o   hydrochloric acid  
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choir/o, chorion/o   chorion, outermost membrane of the fetus  
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cholesterol/o   cholesterol  
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cholangi/o   bile vessel  
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chol-, chol/e, cholo-   bile gall  
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chol/e, chol/o   bile  
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cholecyst/o   gallbladder  
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chondr/o   cartilage  
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cib/o   meal  
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-cid, -cide   to cut (killer)  
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circum-   around  
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cirrh/o   orange-yellow  
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cis/o   to cut  
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-clasis   to break  
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-clast   to break  
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cleid/o   clavicle  
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-clysis   irrigation, washing  
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coagul/o   clotting, coagulation  
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col/o, colon/o   colon, large intestine  
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colp-, colp/o   vagina  
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comat/o   deep sleep  
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comi/o   to care for  
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coni/o   dust  
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conjuntiv/o   conjunctiva (lines the eyelids)  
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contra-   against, opposite  
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cor/o, core/o   pupil  
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coron/o   crown, heart  
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cortic/o   cortex, outer region  
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cost/o   rib  
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counter-   against, opposite to  
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crin/o   secrete  
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-crine   secrete, seperate  
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cry-, cry/o   low temperature  
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crypt-, crypt/o   hidden, concealed  
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cutane/o, cut/o   skin  
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-cusis   hearing  
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cyan/o   blue  
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cycl/o   ciliary body of the eye, cycle, circle  
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-cyesis   pregnancy  
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cyst/o   bladder, cyst  
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cyst/o   sac, bladder  
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-cyte   cell  
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cyt/o   cell  
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-cytosis   condtion of cells, slight increase in cells  
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dacry/o   tear  
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dactyl/o   digits (usually fingers but sometimes toes)  
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de-   down, from, remove  
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dendr/o   tree  
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dent/o   tooth  
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derma-, derm-, derm/o, dermat/o   skin  
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-desis   to bind, tie together  
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di-, dipl/o   twice, double  
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dia-   across, through, apart  
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diaphor/o   sweat  
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digit/o   digit  
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dips/o   thirst  
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dis-   apart, free from, far, distant  
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dorsi-, dors/o   back (in the human, this combining form refers to the same regions as postero-)  
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duct/o   to lead, carry  
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duoden/o   duodenum  
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dur/o   dura mater  
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-dynia   pain, tenderness  
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dys-   bad, difficult, abnormal  
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-ectasia   stretching, dilation, expansion  
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-ectasis   dilation, stretching  
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ecto-   outer, outside  
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-ectomy, -ectomize   excision, surgical removal of  
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-em   in  
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-emesis   vomiting  
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-emia   blood condtion  
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en-, endo-   in, into, within  
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encephal/o   brain  
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endo-   inner, inside  
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enter/o   intestines  
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eosin/o   rosy, dawn-colored  
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epi-   over, on , upon  
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epididym/o   epididymis  
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epiglott/o   epiglottis  
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episi/o   vulva, external female genetalia  
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erythem/o, erythemat/o   flushed, redness  
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erythr/o   red  
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esophag/o   esophagus  
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-esis   condtion  
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esthes/o   nervous sensation (feeling)  
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-esthesia, esthesi/o   nervous sensation  
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estr/o   female  
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eu-   normal, good, well, healthy  
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ex-, exo-   out, out of, from, away from  
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extra-   beyond, outside of, in addition to  
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fasci/o   fibrous connective tissue layers  
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-ferent   to bear, to carry  
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fibr/o   fibre, fibrous, threadlike structures, fibres  
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-flexion   process of bending  
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furc/o   division, fork  
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galact/o   milk  
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gastr/o   stomach  
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gangli/o, ganglion/o   ganglion, collection of nerve cell bodies  
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-gen   an agent that produces or originates  
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-genesis   development, production, creation  
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-genic   producing, causing  
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genit/o   organs of reproduction  
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geno-   a relationship to reproduction or sex  
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-geny   manner of origin, development or production  
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gingiv/o   gum  
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glauc/o   grey  
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gli/o, -glia   gluey material; specifically, the connective tissue of the brain  
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-globin, -globulin   protein  
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glomerul/o   glomerulus  
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gloss/o   tongue  
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gluc/o   sweetness, glucose  
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glyc/o, glycogen/o, glycos/o   sugar  
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-gnath, gnath/o   related to the jaw  
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gon/o   seed, knee  
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gonad/o   sex glands  
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-gram   record  
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granul/o   granule(s)  
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-graph   a diagram, a recording  
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-graphy   process of making/taking a record  
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-gravida   pregnant woman  
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gravid/o   pregnancy  
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gynec/o   woman  
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hemat/o   blood  
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home/o   sameness, unchanging, constant  
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hem/o   blood  
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hemoglobin/o   hemoglobin  
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hemi-   half  
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hepat/o, hepatic/o   liver  
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herni/o   hernia  
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heter/o   other, different  
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hist/o, histi/o   tissue  
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home/o, homo-   unchanging, the same  
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hydr/o, hidr/o   water  
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hyper-   excessive, too much, high  
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hypo-   under, decreased, less than normal  
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hyster/o   uterus  
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-ia   state of  
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-iasis   condition of  
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iatr/o   physician, treatment  
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-iatrics   medical practice, specialties  
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-ic   pertaining to  
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-ichthy/o   dry, scaly  
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idi/o   separate, distinct, unknown, individual self, one's own  
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ile/o   ileum  
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ili/o   ilium  
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im-   in, into, lacking, within, not  
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immun/o   immune, protection, safe  
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in-   in, into, lacking, within, not  
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-in   substance  
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-ine   pertaining to  
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infra-   below, beneath  
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ir/o, irid/o   iris (colored portion of the eye)  
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integument/o   covering  
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inter-   between  
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intra-   into, within  
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-is   pertaining to  
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ischi/o   ischium (part of the hip bone)  
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-ism   a condtion, state of  
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is/o   same, equal  
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-itis   inflammation  
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-ive   pertaining to  
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jejun/o   jejunum  
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juxta-   next to  
🗑
kal/i   potassium  
🗑
kary/o   nucleus  
🗑
kerat/o   cornea of the eye, certain horny tissues  
🗑
kines/o, kinesi/o   movement  
🗑
-kinesia, -kinesis   movement  
🗑
labi/o   lip  
🗑
lacrim/o   tear  
🗑
lact/o   milk  
🗑
lapar/o   abdomen, loin or flank  
🗑
laryng/o   larynx  
🗑
-lepsy   seizure  
🗑
lept/o   thin, slender  
🗑
leuk/o   white  
🗑
ligament/o   ligament  
🗑
lingu/o   tongue  
🗑
lip/o   fat  
🗑
-listhesis   slipping  
🗑
lith/o   stone  
🗑
-lithiasis   condition of stone  
🗑
-lithotomy   incision for removal of a stone  
🗑
lob/o   lobe  
🗑
-logy   the study of  
🗑
-lex/o   word, phrase  
🗑
lumb/o   lower back, loin  
🗑
lymph/o   lymph  
🗑
lymphaden/o   lymph gland, node  
🗑
-lysis   destruction of, decomposition  
🗑
lys/o, lysis   flowing, loosening, dissolution  
🗑
-lytic   to reduce, destroy, separate, breakdown  
🗑
macro-   large  
🗑
mal-   bad, illness, disease  
🗑
malac/o, malacia-   softening  
🗑
mamm/o   breast, mammary gland  
🗑
mast/o   mammary gland, breast  
🗑
mastoid/o   mastoid process (behind the ear)  
🗑
maxill/o   maxilla (upper jaw bone)  
🗑
meat/o   meatus, opening  
🗑
medull/o   medulla, inner section, middle, soft, marrow  
🗑
mediastin/o   mediastinum  
🗑
mega-   large  
🗑
-megaly   enlargement  
🗑
melan/o   black  
🗑
men/o   menstruation  
🗑
mening/o, miningi/o   membranes covering the brain and spinal cord  
🗑
mes-, mesa-, meso-   middle, midline  
🗑
meta-   change, beyond  
🗑
-meter   measuring instrument  
🗑
metr/o   uterus  
🗑
-metry   measurement  
🗑
micro-   small  
🗑
mi/o   smaller, less  
🗑
mon/o   one, single  
🗑
mort/o, -mortem   death  
🗑
multi-   many  
🗑
muscul/o   muscle  
🗑
myc/o   fungus  
🗑
mydr/o   wide  
🗑
myel/o   spinal cord, bone marrow  
🗑
my/o   muscle  
🗑
myring/o   tympanic membrane, eardrum  
🗑
myx/o   mucus  
🗑
narc/o   numbness, stupor, sleep  
🗑
nas/o   nose  
🗑
natr/o   sodium  
🗑
necr/o   death  
🗑
necr/o   death, corpse  
🗑
neo-   new  
🗑
nephr/o   kidney  
🗑
neur/o   nerve  
🗑
neutr/o   neither, neutral  
🗑
noct/i-   night  
🗑
non-   not  
🗑
nos/o   disease  
🗑
nulli-   none  
🗑
nyct/o   night  
🗑
ocul/o   eye  
🗑
odont/o   tooth  
🗑
-oid   likeness, resemblance  
🗑
olig/o   small,scant, few, a deficiency of  
🗑
-ole   small, little  
🗑
-oma   tumor, swelling  
🗑
-one   hormone  
🗑
onych/o   nails  
🗑
oophor/o   ovary  
🗑
opthalm/o   eye  
🗑
-opia. -opsia   vision  
🗑
opt/o, optic/o   eye, vision  
🗑
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o   testis  
🗑
-orexia   apptetite  
🗑
or/o   mouth  
🗑
orth/o   straight, normal, correct  
🗑
oscill/o, ossicul/o   to swing to and fro  
🗑
-ose   full of, pertaining to, sugar  
🗑
-osis   condition  
🗑
-osmia   smell  
🗑
oste/o   bone, bone tissue  
🗑
-ostomy   creating a new opening  
🗑
-otia   ear condition  
🗑
ot/o   ear  
🗑
-ous   pertaining to  
🗑
ovari/o   ovary  
🗑
ov/l, ov/o, ovul/o   egg  
🗑
oxy-   swift, sharp, acid  
🗑
ox/o   oxygen  
🗑
-oxia   pertaining to oxygen  
🗑
palat/o   palate (roof of mouth)  
🗑
palpebr/o   eyelid  
🗑
pan-   all  
🗑
pancreat/o   pancreas  
🗑
papill/o   nipple-like, optic disk (disk)  
🗑
par-   other than, abnormal  
🗑
para-   beside, beyond, after, near, apart from  
🗑
-para   to bear, bring forth, live births  
🗑
-paresis   weakness  
🗑
-pareunia   sexual intercourse  
🗑
-parous   to bear, bring forth  
🗑
parathyroid/o   parathyroid glands  
🗑
-partum   birth, labor  
🗑
path/o   disease, abnormal condition  
🗑
-pathy   disease  
🗑
pect/o, pector/o   chest  
🗑
ped/o, pedia-   child, foot  
🗑
pelv/l   pelvis bone  
🗑
-penia   lack, deficiency  
🗑
-pepsia   digestion  
🗑
per-   by, through, excessively  
🗑
peri-   around  
🗑
pericardi/o   pericardium, membrane surrounding the heart  
🗑
peritone/o   peritoneum  
🗑
pexy   fixation  
🗑
phag/o   to eat, to injest  
🗑
-phagia, -phag/o   eating, swallowing  
🗑
pharyng/o   pharynx  
🗑
-phasia   speaking, ability to talk  
🗑
phil/o   like, love, attraction to  
🗑
-phil, -philic, philia   to be fond of, to like (have an affinity for)  
🗑
phleb/o   vein  
🗑
-phobia   an exaggerated fear  
🗑
phon/o, -phonia   voice, sound  
🗑
-phoresis   carrying, transmission  
🗑
phot/o   light  
🗑
phren/o   diaphragm, ,mind  
🗑
physi/o   nature, function  
🗑
-physis, phys/o   to grow  
🗑
pil/o   hair, resembling hair  
🗑
pituitar/o   pituitary gland  
🗑
-plasia   development, formation  
🗑
-plakia   plaque  
🗑
plas/o   development, formation  
🗑
-plasty   surgical repair or reshaping  
🗑
-plegia   paralysis, palsy  
🗑
-plegic   paralysis, palsy  
🗑
pleur/o   serous membrane covering the lung and lining the chest cavity  
🗑
-pnea   breathing, respiration  
🗑
pneum/o, pneumon/o   lung, air, gas  
🗑
pod-, pod/o   foot  
🗑
-poiesis   making, forming  
🗑
-poietin   substance that forms  
🗑
poikil/o   varied, irregular  
🗑
polio-   gray  
🗑
poly-   many, much  
🗑
pont/o   pons, a part of the brain  
🗑
-porosis   condition of pores (spaces)  
🗑
post-   after, behind  
🗑
-praxia   action  
🗑
-prandial   meal  
🗑
pre-   before, in front of, prior to  
🗑
presby/o   old age  
🗑
primi-   first  
🗑
pro-   before, in front of  
🗑
proct/o   rectum  
🗑
prostat/o   prostate gland  
🗑
prote/o   protein  
🗑
pseudo-   false  
🗑
psych/o   mind  
🗑
-ptosis   falling, sagging, dropping, down  
🗑
-ptysis   spitting  
🗑
pulmon/o   lung  
🗑
py/o   pus  
🗑
pyel/o   kidney pelvis  
🗑
pyl/o, pylor/o   pylorus, pyloric sphincter  
🗑
quadri-   four  
🗑
radi/o   emission of rays or radiation  
🗑
radicul/o   nerve root  
🗑
re-   again, backward  
🗑
rect/o   rectum  
🗑
ren/o   kidney  
🗑
reticul/o   network  
🗑
retin/o   retina  
🗑
retro-   backward, behind  
🗑
rhin/o   nose  
🗑
-rrhage, -rrhagia   excessive flow  
🗑
-rrhaphy   stitching, suturing  
🗑
-rrhea   profuse flow, discharge  
🗑
salping/o   eustachian tube, uterine tube  
🗑
-salpinx   fallopian tube, oviduct  
🗑
sangui/o   blood  
🗑
sarc/o   flesh  
🗑
scler/o, sclerosis   hardness, hardening  
🗑
scoli/o   twisted, crooked  
🗑
-scope   examination instrument  
🗑
-scopy   examination using a scope  
🗑
scot/o   darkness  
🗑
scrot/o   scrotum  
🗑
seb/o   sebum  
🗑
sebace/o   sebum  
🗑
semin, semin/l, semin/o   semen, seed  
🗑
semi-   half, partial, mild  
🗑
sial/o   saliva  
🗑
sialaden/o   salivary gland  
🗑
sider/o   iron  
🗑
sigmoid/o   sigmoid colon  
🗑
sinus/o   sinus  
🗑
somat/o   body  
🗑
son/o   sound  
🗑
-spasm, spasm/o   sudden contraction of muscles  
🗑
splen/o   spleen  
🗑
sperm/o, spermat/o   sperm  
🗑
spher/o   round, globe-shaped  
🗑
-sphyxia   pulse  
🗑
sphygm/o   pulse  
🗑
spin/o   spine (backbone)  
🗑
spondyl/o   vertabra (backbone)  
🗑
staped/o   stapes (middle ear bone)  
🗑
-stasis   maintence, maintaining a constant level  
🗑
stat/o   stop, stand still, remain at rest  
🗑
steat/o   fat, sebum  
🗑
sten/o, -stenosis   narrow, constriction, contracted  
🗑
ster/o   solid structures, steroid  
🗑
stern/o   sternum  
🗑
steth/o   chest  
🗑
sthen/o, -sthenia   strength  
🗑
stomat/o   mouth  
🗑
-stomy, -ostomy   creation of an opening  
🗑
sub-   under, beneath  
🗑
sud/o, sudor/o   sweat  
🗑
super-   above, over, excess  
🗑
supra-   above, over  
🗑
sym-   together, with  
🗑
syn-   together, with  
🗑
syncop/o   to cut off, cut short, faint  
🗑
synov/o   synovia, synovial membrane, sheath around a tendon  
🗑
syring/o   fistula, tube, cavity  
🗑
tachy-, tach/o   fast, rapid  
🗑
tarso-   eyelid, foot  
🗑
tax/o, -taxia, -taxis   order, arrangement  
🗑
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o   tendon  
🗑
tens/o   stretch, pull  
🗑
tens/o, tension   pressure  
🗑
terat/o   monster, malformed fetus  
🗑
thalam/o   thalamus  
🗑
tel/o   complete  
🗑
tele/o   distant  
🗑
the/o   put, place  
🗑
thec/o   sheath  
🗑
thel/o   nipple  
🗑
test/o   testis, testicle  
🗑
tetra-   four  
🗑
therm/o, -thermy   heat  
🗑
thorac/o   chest  
🗑
-thorax   chest (pleural cavity)  
🗑
thromb/o   clot, thrombus  
🗑
thyr/o, throid/o   thyroid gland  
🗑
-tocia   labor, condition of birth  
🗑
toc/o   labor, birth  
🗑
-tome   instrument to cut  
🗑
-tomy, -otomy   incision, process of cutting into  
🗑
tonsill/o   tonsils  
🗑
toxic-, toxic/o   poison, poisonous  
🗑
tox/o   poison  
🗑
trache/o   trachea (windpipe)  
🗑
trans-   across, through  
🗑
-tresia   opening  
🗑
tri-   three  
🗑
trich/o   hair  
🗑
trigon/o   trigone (area within the bladder)  
🗑
-tripsy   to crush  
🗑
thromb/o   clot  
🗑
-tropin   stimulate, act on  
🗑
troph/o, -trophy   nutrition, nourishment, development  
🗑
-tropia   to turn  
🗑
-tropic   turning toward, influencing, changing  
🗑
tympan/o   tympanic membrane (eardrum), middle ear  
🗑
-ule   small, little  
🗑
ultra-   beyond or excessive  
🗑
-um   structure, thing, tissue  
🗑
umbilic/o   umbilicus (navel)  
🗑
uni-   one  
🗑
-uresis   urination  
🗑
ureter/o   ureter  
🗑
uter/o   uterus (womb)  
🗑
urethr/o   urethra  
🗑
-uria   condition of the urine, urine  
🗑
urin/o   urine  
🗑
ur/o   urine, urinary tract, urination  
🗑
-us   structure, thing  
🗑
uve/o   uvea, vascular layer of the eye (iris, choroid, and ciliary body)  
🗑
vag/o   vagus nerve  
🗑
valv/o, valvul/o   valve  
🗑
vas/o   vessel, duct, vas deferens  
🗑
ven/o   vein  
🗑
ventricul/o   ventricle (lower chamber of the heart)  
🗑
-version   to turn  
🗑
vertebr/o   spine, vertebrae (backbone)  
🗑
vesic/o   urinary bladder  
🗑
vesicul/o   seminal vesicle  
🗑
vestibul/o   vestibule of the inner ear  
🗑
viscer/o   internal organs  
🗑
vitre/o   vitreous body of the eye  
🗑
vulv/o   vulva (female external genitalia)  
🗑
xanth/o   yellow  
🗑
xen/o   stranger, foreigner  
🗑
xer/o   dryness, dry  
🗑
xiph/o   sword shaped  
🗑
-y   condition, process of  
🗑
zo/o   animal life  
🗑
abdomen   abdomin/o (use with -al, -centesis) celi/o (use with -ac) lapar/o (use with -scope, -scopy, -tomy)  
🗑
abnormal   dys-, par-, para-  
🗑
above   epi-, hyper-, supra-  
🗑
acid   oxy-  
🗑
across   trans-  
🗑
action   -praxia  
🗑
after   post-  
🗑
again   re-  
🗑
against   anti-, contra-  
🗑
air   aer/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o  
🗑
all   pan-  
🗑
animal life   zo/o  
🗑
ankle   tars/o  
🗑
anxiety   anxi/o  
🗑
apart   ana-  
🗑
appetite   -orexia  
🗑
arm   brachi/o  
🗑
assemble   -agon  
🗑
away from   ab-, apo-, ex-, exo-  
🗑
back   re-, retro-  
🗑
bad   cac/o, dys-, mal-  
🗑
bear (to)   -para, -parous, -phoria, phor/o  
🗑
before   ante-, pre-, pro-, pros-  
🗑
beginning   -arche  
🗑
behind   post-, poster/o, retro-  
🗑
below, beneath   hypo-, infra-, sub-  
🗑
beside   para-  
🗑
bent   ankyl/o, scoli/o  
🗑
bend (to)   flex/o  
🗑
between   inter-  
🗑
beyond   hyper-, meta-, ultra-  
🗑
birth   nat/l, -partum, toc/o, -tocia  
🗑
black   anthrac/o, melan/o  
🗑
blood   hem/o (use with -dialysis, -globin, -lysis, philia, -ptysis, -rrhage, -stasis, -stat) hemat/o (use with -crit, -emesis, -logist, -logy, oma, poiesis, -uria)  
🗑
blue   cyan/o  
🗑
body   corpor/o, somat/o, -some  
🗑
bone   oste/o  
🗑
brain   encephal.o, cerebr/o  
🗑
break   -clasis, -clast  
🗑
breast   mamm/o (use with -ary, -gram, -graphy, -plasty) mast/o (use with -algia, -dynia, -ectomy, -itis)  
🗑
breathe   spir/o  
🗑
breathing   -pnea  
🗑
burn   caus/o, cauter/o  
🗑
calcium   calc/o, calci/o  
🗑
cancerous   carcin/o  
🗑
carbon dioxide   capn/o, -capnia  
🗑
carry   duct/o, -ferent, -phoria  
🗑
carrying   -phoresis  
🗑
cartilage   chondr/o  
🗑
cast, throw   bol/o  
🗑
cause   eti/o  
🗑
cecum (a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines)   cec/o  
🗑
cell   cyt/o, -cyte  
🗑
cells (condition of)   cytosis  
🗑
cerebrum   cerebr/o  
🗑
change   meta-  
🗑
cheek   bucc/o  
🗑
chemical   chem/o  
🗑
chest   pector/o, steth/o, thorac/o, -thorax  
🗑
child   ped/o  
🗑
chin   ment/o  
🗑
cholesterol   cholesterol/o  
🗑
circle or cycle   cycl/o  
🗑
clavicle or collar bone   clavicul/o  
🗑
clot   thromb/o  
🗑
clumping   agglutin/o  
🗑
coal dust   anthrac/o  
🗑
coccyx   coccyg/o  
🗑
cold   cry/o  
🗑
colon   col/o (use with -ectomy, -itis, -pexy, -tomy) colon/o (use with -ic, -pathy, -scope, scopy)  
🗑
color   chrom/o  
🗑
complete   dia-, tel/o  
🗑
condtion   -ation, -ema, -esis, -ia, -ism, -sis, -y  
🗑
condtion, abnormal   -iasis, -osis  
🗑
connective tissue   sarc/o  
🗑
constant   home/o  
🗑
contraction   -stalsis  
🗑
contraction of muscles (sudden)   -spasm  
🗑
crooked   ankyl/o, scoli/o  
🗑
crush (to)   -tripsy  
🗑
curve   lord/o, cis/o, sect/o, -section, tom/o  
🗑
cutting (process of)   -tomy  
🗑
dance   hore/o  
🗑
defecation   -chezia  
🗑
deficient   hypo-  
🗑
destroy   -lytic  
🗑
destruction   -lysis  
🗑
development   plas/o, -plasia, troph/o, -trophy  
🗑
difficult   dys-  
🗑
digestion   -pepsia  
🗑
dilation   -ectasia, -ectasis  
🗑
discharge   -rrhea  
🗑
disease   nos/o, path/o, -pathy  
🗑
distant   dist/o. tel/o  
🗑
double   dipl/o  
🗑
down   cata-, de-  
🗑
drug   chem/o, pharmac/o. pharmaceutic/o  
🗑
duct   vas/o  
🗑
ear   aur/o (use with -al, icle) auricul/o (use with -ar) ot/o (use with -algia, -ic, -itis, -logy, -mycosis, -rrhea, -sclerosis, -scope, -scopy)  
🗑
ear (condition of)   -otia  
🗑
eardrum   myring/o (use with -ectomy, -itis, -tomy) tympan/o (use with -ic, -metry, -plasty)  
🗑
eat   phag/o, -phage  
🗑
eating   -phagia  
🗑
egg cell   o/o, ov/o. ovul/o  
🗑
elbow   olecran/o  
🗑
embryonic   -blast  
🗑
enlargement   -megaly  
🗑
enzyme   -ase  
🗑
equal   -iso  
🗑
excess   ultra-  
🗑
excessive   hyper-  
🗑
excision   -ectomy  
🗑
expansion   -ectasia, -ectasis  
🗑
extreme point, extremities   acr/o  
🗑
eye   ocul/o (use with -ar, -facial, -motor) opthalm/o (use with -ia, -ic, -logist, -logy, -pathy, -plasty, -plegia, -scope, -scopy) opt/o (use with -ic, -metrist) optic/o (use with -al, -ian)  
🗑
face   faci/o  
🗑
false   pseudo-  
🗑
far   dist/o  
🗑
fast   tachy-  
🗑
fat   adip/o (use with -ose, -osis) lip/o (use with -ase, -cyte, - genesis, -oid, -oma) steat/o (use with -oma, -rrhea)  
🗑
fear   phob/o. -phobia  
🗑
feeling   esthesi/o, -phoria  
🗑
female   estr/o (use with -gen, -genic) gynec/o (use with -logist, -logy, -mastia)  
🗑
femur   femor/o  
🗑
fever   pyr/o, pyret/o, pyrex/o  
🗑
fibula   fibul/o (use with -ar) perone/o (use with -al)  
🗑
finger/toe bones   phalang/o  
🗑
fixation   -pexy  
🗑
flesh   sarc/o  
🗑
flow   rrhea  
🗑
fluid collection   -oma  
🗑
flushed   erythem/o  
🗑
foot   pod/o  
🗑
foot bones   metatars/o  
🗑
form   morph/o  
🗑
formation   plas/o, -plasia, -plasm, -poiesis, -genesis  
🗑
forward   ante-, pro-, pros-  
🗑
four   quadri-  
🗑
front   anter/o  
🗑
full of   -ose  
🗑
fungus   fung/i (use with -cide, -oid, -ous, -stasis)  
🗑
gallbladder   cholecyst/o  
🗑
given (what is)   -dote  
🗑
gland   aden/o  
🗑
glomerulus   glomerul/o  
🗑
glucose   gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o  
🗑
glue   gli/o, coll/a  
🗑
good   eu-  
🗑
gray   glauc/o  
🗑
green   chlor/o  
🗑
groin   inguin/o  
🗑
grow   -physis  
🗑
half   hemi-, semi-  
🗑
hand   chir/o  
🗑
hard   scirrh/o, kerat/o  
🗑
hardening   -sclerosis  
🗑
head   cephal/o  
🗑
hearing   acous/o, audi/o, -cusis, audit/o, -acusis  
🗑
heart   cardi/o  
🗑
heat   therm/o, cauter/o  
🗑
heel bone   calcane/o  
🗑
hernia   -cele, herni/o  
🗑
hidden   crypt/o  
🗑
hip   pelv/i  
🗑
hold back   isch/o  
🗑
humpback   kyph/o  
🗑
ileum   ile/o  
🗑
ilium   ili/o  
🗑
immature   -blast  
🗑
in, into   em-, en-, endo-, in-, ir-, intra-  
🗑
in front of   pre-  
🗑
incomplete   atel/o  
🗑
increase in numbers   -cytosis  
🗑
infection   seps/o  
🗑
inferior to   infra-  
🗑
inflammation   -itis  
🗑
instrument of recording   graph  
🗑
instrument of visual inspection   -scope  
🗑
internal organs   viscer/o  
🗑
intestine (large)   col/o  
🗑
intestine (small)   enter/o  
🗑
irregular   poikil/o  
🗑
itching   pruritis  
🗑
jaw (lower)   mandibul/o  
🗑
jaw (upper)   maxill/o  
🗑
joint   arthr/o, articul/o  
🗑
kidney   nephr/o (use with -algia, -ectomy, -ic, -itis, -lith, -megaly, -oma, -osis, -pathy, -ptosis, -sclerosis, -stomy, -tomy) ren/o (use with -al, -gram)  
🗑
killing   -cidal, -cide  
🗑
knowledge   gnos/o  
🗑
labor   partum, toc/o, -tocia  
🗑
lack of strength   -asthenia  
🗑
lacrimal duct   dacryocyst/o  
🗑
large   mega-, macro-  
🗑
lens of eye   phac/o, phak/o  
🗑
less   -de  
🗑
life   bi/o  
🗑
lip   cheil/o, labi/o  
🗑
little   -ole, ule  
🗑
liver   hepat/o  
🗑
location   top/o  
🗑
loin   lumb/o  
🗑
lung   pneum/o (use with -thorax, -coniosis, -coccus) pneumon/o (use with -ectomy, -ia, -ic, -itis, -lysis) pulmon/o (use with -ary)  
🗑
lymph gland   lymphaden/o  
🗑
male   andr/o  
🗑
many   poly-, multi  
🗑
mass   -oma  
🗑
meal   cib/o, -prandial  
🗑
measure   -meter, metr/o  
🗑
meatus   meat/o  
🗑
menstruation   men/o  
🗑
midwife   obstetr/o  
🗑
milk   galact/o  
🗑
mind   psych/o, ment/o  
🗑
mouth   or/o, stomat/o  
🗑
muscle   muscul/o, my/o  
🗑
muscle (smooth)   leiomy/o  
🗑
muscle (skeletal)   rhabdomy/o  
🗑
muzzle   phim/o  
🗑
nail   onych/o, ungu/o  
🗑
narrowing   -constriction, -stenosis  
🗑
navel   omphal/o  
🗑
near   para-, proxim/o  
🗑
network   reticul/o  
🗑
network of nerves   plex/o  
🗑
night   noct/i, nyct/o  
🗑
nipple   thel/o  
🗑
no, not   a-. an-  
🗑
non   nulli-  
🗑
nourishment   troph/o, -trophy  
🗑
nucleus   kary/o, nucle/o  
🗑
numbness   narc/o  
🗑
old age   presby/o, ger/o  
🗑
one   mono-, uni-  
🗑
one's own   aut/o, auto-  
🗑
one who   -er, -or  
🗑
opening   -tresia  
🗑
opposite   contra-  
🗑
orange-yellow   cirrh/o  
🗑
order   norm/o, tax/o  
🗑
other than   par-  
🗑
out   ec-, ex-, exo-, extra-  
🗑
outer region   cortic/o  
🗑
ovary   ovari/o, oophor/o  
🗑
oxygen   oxo, -oxia  
🗑
pain   -algia, -dynia, odyn/o  
🗑
pain (sensitivity to)   -algesia  
🗑
palsy   -plegia  
🗑
paralysis   -plegia  
🗑
penis   balan/o, phall/o  
🗑
people   dem/o  
🗑
pertaining to   -ac, -al, -an, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ical, -ose  
🗑
physician   iatr/o  
🗑
pituitary gland   hypophys/o, pituitar/o  
🗑
place   -stasis  
🗑
plant   phyt/o  
🗑
pleural cavity   -thorax  
🗑
poison   tox/o  
🗑
pores (condition of)   -porosis  
🗑
pregnancy   -cyesis  
🗑
pressure   -tension  
🗑
process   -ation, -ion, -ism  
🗑
produced by or in   -genic  
🗑
protection   immun/o  
🗑
pulse   sphygm/o  
🗑
puncture to remove fluid   -centesis  
🗑
pupil   cor/o, core/o  
🗑
put in place   -pexy  
🗑
rapid   oxy-  
🗑
rays   radi/o  
🗑
relaxation   -chalasia  
🗑
removal   -apheresis  
🗑
repair   -plasty  
🗑
resembling   -oid  
🗑
rib   cost/o  
🗑
rosy   erythr/o  
🗑
saliva   sial/o  
🗑
sameness   home/o  
🗑
scaly   ichthy/o  
🗑
secrete   -crine, crin/o  
🗑
seizure   lepsy  
🗑
semen   semin/i  
🗑
sensation, nervous   -esthesia  
🗑
separation   -lysis  
🗑
severe   acul/o  
🗑
sheath   thec/o  
🗑
shield   thry/o  
🗑
shin bone   tibi/o  
🗑
side   later/o  
🗑
sieve   ethm/o  
🗑
skin   cutane/o, derm/o, -derma  
🗑
skull   crani/o  
🗑
sleep (deep)   comat/o  
🗑
slide (to)   -lapse  
🗑
slipping   -lithesis  
🗑
sodium   natr/o  
🗑
specialist   -ist  
🗑
speech   phas/o  
🗑
sperm   sperm/o  
🗑
spinal cord   myel/o  
🗑
spitting   -ptysis  
🗑
split   -fida  
🗑
starch   amyl/o  
🗑
stomach   gastr/o  
🗑
structure   -um, -ium  
🗑
substance   -in, -ine  
🗑
substance that forms   -poietin  
🗑
surrounding   -peri  
🗑
swallowing   -phago  
🗑
swayback (curve)   lord/o  
🗑
sweat   diaphor/o, hidr/o  
🗑
tail   caud/o  
🗑
tailbone   coccyg/o  
🗑
tear (to cut)   -spadia  
🗑
testis   orchi/o, orch/o, orchid/o  
🗑
thigh   femur  
🗑
thin   lept/o  
🗑
thirst   dips/o  
🗑
through   dia-, per-, trans-  
🗑
throw (to)   bol/o  
🗑
tie together   -desis  
🗑
tightening   -stenosis  
🗑
tissue   hist/o  
🗑
tongue   gloss/o, lingu/o  
🗑
tooth   dent/i, odont/o  
🗑
toward   ad-  
🗑
tumor   -oma, onc/o  
🗑
turn   -tropia  
🗑
two   bi-  
🗑
tympanic membrane   myring/o, tympan/o  
🗑
ulcer   aphth/o  
🗑
umbilicus (navel)   omphal/o  
🗑
unequal   anis/o  
🗑
unknown   idi/o  
🗑
up   ana-  
🗑
ureter   ureter/o  
🗑
urethra   urethr/o  
🗑
urea   azot/o  
🗑
urinary tract   ur/o  
🗑
uterus   hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o  
🗑
vagina   colp/o,vagin/o  
🗑
vein   phleb/o, ven/o  
🗑
ventricle   ventricul/o  
🗑
vessel   angi/o, vas/o  
🗑
vision   -opia, -opsia, opt/o, optic/o  
🗑
voice   phon/o, -phonia  
🗑
water   aque/o, hydr/o  
🗑
watery flow   rheumat/o  
🗑
wide   mydr/o  
🗑
widening   -dilation, -ectasis, -eurysm  
🗑
with   con-  
🗑
within   en-, endo-. intra-  
🗑
woman   gynec/o  
🗑
word   -lexia  
🗑
work   erg/o  
🗑
wrist bone   carpal  
🗑
yellow   lute/o, jaund/o. xanth/o  
🗑


   

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