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A

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Meristems   Tissues in which cells are actively dividing  
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Primary meristems   Where primary growth (elongation) occurs  
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Apical meristems   Meristems at apex of stems and tips of roots  
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Two apical meristem cell types   Initials and derivatives  
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Initials   Meristematic cells that divide  
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Derivatives   New body cells produced by initials  
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What do apical meristems bring about?   Primary growth  
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What does primary plant body result from?   Primary growth  
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What are the 3 overlapping processes in the formation of the primary plant body?   Growth, morphogenesis, differentiation  
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Growth   Division and enlargement  
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Morphogenesis   Development of shape or form, determined by location and function  
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Differentiation   How cells differ, based on location and gene expression  
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What can derivatives do?   Continue to divide until they differentiate into a specific cell type  
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Why are tree trunks wider at the base?   Secondary growth through lateral meristems starts at the base  
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Primary tissues   Make up primary plant body  
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Tissue   Group of cells working together to perform a function  
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What are the 3 tissue systems?   Dermal, ground, and vascular  
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Permanent tissues   Tissues that perform a certain function  
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2 types of permanent tissues   Simple and complex  
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Simple tissue   All cells are the same  
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Complex tissue   Cells are different types  
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What's another name for ground tissue?   Fundamental  
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Which tissue system has simple tissues?   Ground  
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What are 3 types of simple ground tissue?   Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma  
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2 characteristics of parenchyma   Living at maturity, typically only a primary cell wall  
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Location of parenchyma   Throughout plant  
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3 functions of parenchyma   Metabolism in leaves, storage in roots, conduction over short distance  
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3 types of parenchyma   Transfer, aerenchyma, chlorenchyma  
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Transfer parenchyma   For transport or conduction, cell wall grows inward  
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Aerenchyma   Large spaces between cells that allow air to move freely  
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Chlorenchyma   Have chloroplasts for photosynthesis  
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Example of transfer parenchyma   Synergins  
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What has aerenchyma?   Pneumataphores, water lillies  
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4 characteristics of collenchyma   Elongated, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, living, occur in groups  
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Location of collenchyma   In bundles beneath epidermis  
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2 examples of collenchyma   Celery strings, leaf petioles  
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Function of collenchyma   Provide support  
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Type of collenchyma   Angular  
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2 types of sclerenchyma   Sclereids and fibers  
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3 characteristics of sclereids   Shape varies, secondary cell wall, dead at maturity  
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Location of sclereids   Throughout plant, individually or in bundles  
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Functions of sclereids   Protection and support  
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4 types of sclereids   Brachysclereids, astrosclereids, columnar, osteosclereids  
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Brachysclereids   Stone cells  
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Astrosclereids   Have sharp projections like stars  
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Columnar sclereids   Long column  
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Osteosclereids   Bone-shaped  
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4 characteristics of fibers   Elongated, 0.2 mm-0.5 m, thick secondary cell wall, dead at maturity  
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Location of fibers   Xylem and phloem, or throughout  
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What has fibers throughout?   Leaves of many monocots  
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Function of fibers   Support  
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What tissue systems have complex tissue?   Vascular and dermal  
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What 4 cell types make up the xylem?   Parenchyma, fibers, tracheids, vessels  
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Tracheids function   For conduction in seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and primitive angiosperms  
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Tracheids characteristic   Pits but no perforations  
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Vessels function   Conduction in angiosperms  
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Vessels characteristics   Pits on side walls and perforation plates on cell ends  
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3 types of perforation plates   Scalariform, simple angular, simple truncate  
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Scalariform   Has bars  
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Angular   Cut at an angle  
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Truncate   Cut straight across  
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What 4 cell types make up the phloem?   Parenchyma, fibers, sieve cells, sieve tube elements  
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What plants have sieve cells?   Gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants  
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Sieve area   Place on sieve cell with primary pit field  
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4 characteristics of sieve cells   Primary cell wall, living, lack nucleus, small pores all over  
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Albuminous cell   Specialized parenchyma cell that regulates the loading of sugars in and out of the sieve cell  
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Callose   Polysaccharide made of glucans  
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What happens when a sieve cell is damaged?   Releases callose to clog pores and prevent constant loss of sugar  
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What plants have sieve tube elements?   Angiosperms  
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4 characteristics of sieve tube elements   Primary cell wall, living, lack nucleus, large sieve plates instead of pores  
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Sieve plates   Large pores at ends of sieve tube elements that allow more efficient flow  
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Companion cell   Parenchyma cell that loads sugars in and out of the sieve tube element  
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What is p-protein   Slime plug in phloem  
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Origin of p-protein   All eudicots and some monocots have it  
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Relationship between albuminous cell and sieve cell   From different mother cells  
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Relationship between companion cell and sieve cell   From the same mother cell, very close  
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P-protein in monocots   In proteinoplast  
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P-protein in eudicots   Lines cell membrane  
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What plugs pores in sieve tube elements?   Callose and p-protein  
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What does the dermal tissue system include   Epidermis  
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6 characteristics of epidermis   Continuously covers primary plant body, made of parenchyma cells, tightly packed, outer cell wall thickest, most lack chloroplast, typically living at maturity  
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4 functions of epidermis   Protection, prevent water loss in stems and leaves, absorption in roots, support  
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2 specialized epidermal features   Cuticle and epicuticular waxes  
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What is the cuticle made of?   Cutin  
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Where does the cuticle come from?   Synthesized by epidermal cells  
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Cuticle function   Mechanical barrier, prevents water loss  
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4 shapes of epicuticular waxes   Platelets, rods, granules, hollow  
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Epicuticular wax function   Additional protection, prevent water loss by slowing air flow across leaves  
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5 types of epidermal cells   Ordinary, guard cells, subsidiary cells, bulliform cells, trichomes  
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Ordinary epidermal cells   No chloroplasts  
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Guard cells   Specialized epidermal cells with chloroplasts that occur in pairs around a stomata; inner cell wall thicker than outer  
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Subsidiary cells   Occur around some guard cells to make them fit more tightly within normal epidermal cells  
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Bulliform cells   Larger, typically in some leaves, pump water out to collapse and cause leaf to roll up to prevent water loss  
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Trichome   Hairs, for protection, can have glandular tips, can be part of epidermal cell or a separate cell, can be unicellular or multicellular, can be composed of different types of cells  
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