Medical Terminology (Willis) - Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System
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| Four chambers of the heart | right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
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| interatrial septum | partition between the right and left atria
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| interventricle septum | partition between the right and left ventricles
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| Three layers of the heart | endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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| pericardium | protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between
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| visceral pericardium | layer of the pericardium closest to the heart (visceral = pertaining to organ)
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| parietal pericardium | outer layer of the pericardium (parietal = pertaining to wall)
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| pericardial cavity | fluid-filled cavity between pericardial layers
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| endocardium | membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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| epicardium | membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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| myocardium | heart muscle
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| vasculature | the collective reference to the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body
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| cardiovascular system | system consisting of the heart and blood vessels which work together to transport blood throughout the body
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| heart valves | structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate one-way flow of blood
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| tricuspid valve | heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
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| pulmonary semilunar valve | heart valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (luna = moon)
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| valves of the veins | valves located at intervals within the lining of the veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
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| pulmonary artery | delivers blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the vessels in the lungs
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| pulmonary circulation | circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases
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| coronary circulation | circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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| pulmonary veins | transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
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| mitral (bicuspid) valve | heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle (cuspis = point)
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| aortic valve | heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
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| systemic circulation | circulation of blood throughout the body via the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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| coronary arteries | arteries that distribute oxygenated blood throughout the entire heart
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| angiogram | x-ray record of a blood vessel
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| flow of blood through the heart | deoxygenated blood flows into the right ventricle of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava, through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary artery (to the pulmonary circulation); oxy
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| vasospasm | involuntary contraction of a blood vessel
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| thrombolysis | breaking down or dissolution of a clot or clots
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| phlebotomist | someone trained to draw blood samples from the veins
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| stethoscope | an instrument used to listen to the heart or breathing within the chest
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| aorta | large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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| sphygmomanometer | an instrument that measures the blood pressure (BP) based on its pressurized pulse through an atery
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| atrium | upper right or left chamber of the heart
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| ventricle | lower rightor left chamber of the heart
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| arteries | vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
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| arterioles | small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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| capillaries | tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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| venules | small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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| veins | vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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| circulation | the flow of blood through the vessels
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| diastole | to expand; period during the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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| systole | to contract; period curing the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery
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| normotension | normal blood pressure ( BP of 120/80 or below)
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| hypotension | low blood pressure
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| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure
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| blood pressure (BP) | measurement of the pressure on the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
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| recording blood pressure (BP) | contraction phase (systole) is recorded first, followed by the relaxtion phase (diastole)
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| angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o | vessel
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| aort/o | aorta
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| arteri/o | artery
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| ather/o | fatty (lipid) paste
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| cardi/o | heart
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| coron/o | circle or crown
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| my/o | muscle
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| pector/o or steth/o | chest
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| sphygm/o | pulse
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| thromb/o | clot
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| ven/o or phleb/o | vein
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| varic/o | swollen, twisted vein
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| ventricul/o | ventricle (belly or pouch)
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| cardiac conduction | process that provides the electrical stimulus that is necessary to cause the heart muscle to pump blood by the continual contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of myocardial cells
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| conduction of electrical impulses (path of) | from the sinoatrial (SA) node → to the atrioventricular (AV) node → to the bundle of His → to the left and right bundle branches → to the Purkinje fibers
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| myocardial cell changes from electrical impulses | from a resting state (polarized) → to a state of contraction (depolarized) → then back to a resting state by recharging (repolarizing)
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| sinoatrial (SA) node | the pacemaker; highly specialized, neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
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| atrioventricular (AV) node | neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
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| bundle of His | neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
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| Purkinje fibers (Purkinje network) | fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
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| polarization | resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
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| depolarization | change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction (de = not; polarization = resting)
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| repolarization | recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted sate back to a resting state (re = again; polarization = resting)
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| normal sinus rhythm (NSR) | regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (avg rate of 60-100 beats/minute)
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| NSR | normal sinus rhythm
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| HTN | hypertension
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| aneurysm | a widening; a bulging of a wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness
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| saccular aneurysm | a sac-like bulge on on side of the vessel
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| fusiform aneurysm | a spindle-shaped bulge of the vessel
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| dissecting aneurysm | a split or tear of the vessel wall
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| angina pectoris | chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle; often caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries (angina = to choke)
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| arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls
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| atherosclerosis | a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries
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| atheromatous plaque | a swollen area within the lining of an artery cuased by the buildup of fat (lipids)
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| claudication | to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
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| constriction | compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)
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| diaphoresis | profuse sweating (perspiration)
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| embolus | a clot (e.g. air, fat, or a foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges (embolus = a stopper)
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| heart murmur | an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
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| infarct | to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by an ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
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| ischemia | to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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| perfusion deficit | lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.
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| occlusion | plugging: an obstruction or a closing off
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| palpitation | subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats (do not confuse with palpation - meaning to touch or feel)
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| stenosis | condition of narrowing of a part
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| thrombus | a stationary blood clot
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| vegetation | to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection
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| perfusion | refers to tissues with an adequate circulation of blood
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| symptoms of heart disease | profuse sweating (diaphoresis), chest pain (CP), shortnes of breath (SOB), heart palpitations
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| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathologica
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| arryhtmia or dysrythmia | any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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| bradycardia | slow heart rate (< 60 beats/min)
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| tachycardia | fast heart rate (> 100 beats/min)
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| fibrillation | chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
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| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node
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| bacterial endocarditis | a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or heart valves
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| cardiac tamponade | compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as a result from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
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| tampon | a plug
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| cardiomyopathy | a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle from excessive consumption of alcohol)
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| congenital anamoly of the heart | malformations of the heart that are present at birth (congenital = born with; anomaly = irregularity)
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| atrial septal defect (ASD) | an opening in the septum separating the atria
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| ventricular septal defect (VSD) | an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
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| coarctation of the aorta | narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
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| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by a failure of the ductus ateriosus to close after birth (patent = opening)
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| patent | opening
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| ASD | arterial septal defect
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| VSD | ventricular septal defect
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| PDA | patent ductus arteriosus
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) or left ventricular failure | failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a bottleneck of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
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| CHF | congestive heart failure
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| cor pulmonale or right ventricular failure | enlargement of the right ventricule, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs
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| cor | heart
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) | a condition affecting the arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis
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| hypertension (HTN) | persisently high blood pressure
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| primary or essential hypertension | high blood pressure attributed to no single cause, risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors
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| secondary hypertension | high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (e.g. kidney disease)
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| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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| myocardial infarction (MI) | heart attack; death of myocardial tissure (infarction) caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in chest or upper body, shortness of breat
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| myocarditis | inflammation of myocardium; most often cuased by bacterial or viral infection
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| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium
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| rheumatic heart disease | damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection)
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| sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) | the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death unless defibrillation is initiated immediately
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| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occuring most often in the femoral and iliac veins
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| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
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| varicose veins | abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
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| CO | cardiac output
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| auscultation | physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope (e.g. auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds)
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| gallop | abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | an electrical picture of the heart presented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, T which correspond to events of the cardiac cycle
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| stress electrocardiogram (stress EZCG or EKG) | electrocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled exercise using a treadmill or ergometer (bicylce); useful in detecting heard conditions (e.g. ischemia or infarction)
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| Holter ambulatory monitor | portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in detecting periodic abnormalties
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| intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS) | invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrythmia
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| intracardiac catheter ablation | use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical pathways
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| magnetic resonsance angiography (MRA) | magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
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| myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan | scan of the heart made after an intravenous (IV) injection of an isotope (e.g. thallium) as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD)
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| myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan | nuclear perfusion scan of the heart that is made before and after the induction of controlled physical exercise or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patiens who are unable to ambulate
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| multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan | nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactive isotopes are injected into the bloodstream and traced through the heart's chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping function of the ventricles
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| positron-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart | use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress
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| angiography | process of x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement
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| angiogram | record obtained by angiography
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| coronary angiogram | x-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast
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| ateriogram | x-ray image of a particular artery (e.g. coronary arteriogram or renal arteriogram)
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| aortogram | x-ray image of the aorta
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| venogram | x-ray image of a vein
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| cardiac catheterization | introduction of a flexible, narrow tube (or catheter) through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and to inject a contrast media for flouoroscopic radiography and cine fi
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| left heart catheterization | x-ray imaging of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
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| right heart catheterization | measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
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| ventriculogram | x-ray imaging of the ventricles
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| stroke volume (SV) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction
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| cardiac output (CO) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart
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| ejection fraction | measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
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| computed tomographic angiography (CTA) | specialized, noninvasive, three-dimensional computed tomographic scan of the heart and circulation of the "greater" blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary veins; performed with or without contrast
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| echocardiography (echo) | recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
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| stress echocardiography (stress echo) | echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate; useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia or inf
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| transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | echocardiogram of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
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| Dopplar sonography | ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or to determine flow through the heart, chambers, valves, and so on
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage") | grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body (e.g. a length of saphenous vein from the leg or mammary artery from the chest wall) to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the tradit
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| anastomosis | opening; the joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
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| endarterectomy | surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
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| valve replacement | surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial valve; there are two types of artificial valves: tissue valves and mechanical valves
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| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a defective heart valve
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| procedures performed in traditional OR | coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), anastomosis, endarterectomy, valve replacement, valvuloplasty
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| procedures performed in a catheterization lab | percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), angioscopy, vascular endoscopy, atherectomy, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), intravascular stent placement
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| percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) peformed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting (cath lab)
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| angioscopy or vascular endoscopy | use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
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| atherectomy | excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often i
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| intravascular stent placement | implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure it patency (openness); most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection (a split or tear in the wall of a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
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| defibrillation | termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart; most commonly, this is done by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall, but it can also be performed internally, such as during op
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| difibrillator | device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
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| cardioversion | restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
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| implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) | an implanted, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads; the device monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillations or tachycardia
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| pacemaker | a device used to treat slow heart rates (brachycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often, it is implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but it can also be placed on a temporary basis externally with lead
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| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); used in the treatment of hypertension
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| antianginal | drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
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| antiarrythmic | drug that counteracts cardiac arrythmia
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| anticoagulant | drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
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| antihypertensive | drug that lowers blood pressure
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| beta-adrenergic blocking agents or beta-blockers | agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the Greek sma
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| calcium-channel blockers | agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the deman for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to preven
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| cardiotonic | drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF)
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| diuretic | drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
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| hypolipidemic | drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
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| thrombolytic agents | drug used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots) (e.g. streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator[TPA or tPA]); used in acute management of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke; commonly called "clot busters"
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| vasoconstrictor | drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
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| vasodilator | drug that cuases dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
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| MUGA | multiple-gated acquisition
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| PET | positron-emission tomography
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| SV | stroke volume
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| bruit | unusual sound that blood makes when it rushes past an obstruction (called turbulent flow) in an artery when the sound is auscultated with the bell portion of a stethoscope
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