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Medical Terminology Chapter 6

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome   commonly known as AIDS; the most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection  
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Allergen   a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual  
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Antibiotic   medication that is capable of inhibiting growth, or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms  
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Antibody   a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen  
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Antifungal   an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi  
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Antigen   any substance that the body regards as being foreign, and includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues  
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Antigen-Antibody reaction   aka immune reaction; involves binding antigens to antibodies  
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Autoimmune disorder   any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues  
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Bacilli   rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria  
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Bacteria   one-celled microscopic organisms  
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Carcinoma   a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue  
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Carcinoma in situ   describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues  
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Complement   a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria; then marks these foreign invaders & attracts phagocytes to destroy these antigens  
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Cytomegalovirus   a member of the herpes virus family that cause a variety of diseases  
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Cytotoxic drug   a medication that kills or damages cells  
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Ductal carcinoma in situ   breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct  
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Hemolytic   function of destroying worn-out red blood cells and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse  
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Herpes zoster   aka shingles; an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve  
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Hodgkin's lymphoma   distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells  
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Human immunodeficiency virus   a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening oppurtunistic infections  
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Immunodeficiency disorder   occurs when the immune response is compromised  
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Immunoglobulins   bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response  
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Immunosuppressant   a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response  
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Immunotherapy   a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response  
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Infectious mononucleosis   caused by the Epstein-Barr virus; characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes  
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Infiltrating ductal carcinoma   starts in milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue  
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Interferon   a family of proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication  
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Lymphadenitis   aka swollen glands; an inflammation of the lymph nodes  
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Lymphadenopathy   any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes  
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Lymphangioma   a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system  
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Lymphedema   swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues  
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Lymphocytes   white blood cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells  
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Lymphokines   are produced by the T cells and direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system; attract macrophages to the infected site and prepare them to attack the invaders  
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Lymphoma   a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues  
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Lymphoscintigraphy   a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels  
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Macrophage   a type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills invading cells  
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Malaria   a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes that is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito  
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Mammography   a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells  
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Metastasis   a new cancer site that results from the spreading process  
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Metastasize   the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another  
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Myoma   a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue  
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Myosarcoma   a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue  
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma   the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma  
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Opportunistic infection   caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans  
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Osteosarcoma   a malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee  
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Parasite   a plant or animal that lives on, or within, another living organism at the expense of that organism  
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Pathogen   a microorganism that causes a disease in humans  
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Rabies   an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal  
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Rickettsia   a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, and mites  
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Rubella   a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash  
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Sarcoma   a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard tissues, soft tissues, and liquid tissues  
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Spirochetes   spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement  
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Splenomegaly   an abnormal enlargement of the spleen  
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Staphylococci   a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes  
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Streptococci   bacteria that form a chain  
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Teletherapy   radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body  
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Tetanus   caused by the bacillus Clostridium tetani, and is transmitted through a cut or wound  
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Toxoplasmosis   a parasite most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces  
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Varicella   aka chickenpox; caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious; characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts  
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BSE   Breast self-examination  
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CA, Ca   Carcinoma  
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CIS   Carcinoma in situ  
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CMV   Cytomegalovirus  
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DCIS   Ductal Carcinoma in Situ  
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ELISA   Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay  
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EBV   Epstein-Barr virus  
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HZ   Herpes zoster  
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HIV   Human immunodeficiency virus  
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MET   Metastasis  
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met   Metastasize  
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NHL   Non-Hodkin's lymphoma  
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Anoxia   the absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues  
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Anthracosis   aka black lung disease; caused by coal dust in the lungs  
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Antitussive   commonly known as cough medicine; administered to prevent or relieve coughing  
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Aphonia   the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds  
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Apnea   the absence of spontaneous respiration  
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Asbestosis   caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos  
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Asphyxia   the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function  
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Asphyxiation   aka suffocation; any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia  
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Aspiration pneumonia   can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs  
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Asthma   a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing  
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Atelectasis   the collapse of part of all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathing  
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Bradypnea   an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less that 10 breaths per minute  
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Bronchodilator   a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs  
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Bronchorrhea   an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi  
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Bronchoscopy   the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope  
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Bronchospasm   a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut  
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration   pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea  
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Croup   an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough  
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Cystic fibrosis   a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus  
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Diphtheria   an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract  
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Dysphonia   any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty  
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Dyspnea   aka shortness of breath; difficult or labored breathing  
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Emphysema   the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli  
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Empyema   a collection of pus within a body cavity  
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Endotracheal intubation   the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway  
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Epistaxis   aka nosebleed; bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders  
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Hemoptysis   coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage  
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Hemothorax   a collection of blood in the pleural cavity  
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Hypercapnia   the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood  
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Hyperpnea   breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest  
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Hypopnea   shallow or slow respiration  
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Hypoxemia   a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood  
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Hypoxia   the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells  
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Laryngectomy   the surgical removal of the larynx  
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Laryngitis   an inflammation of the larynx  
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Laryngoplegia   a paralysis of the larynx  
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Laryngoscopy   the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynx  
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Mediastinum   the cavity located between the lungs  
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Nubulizer   pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor  
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Otolaryngologist   a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck  
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Pertussis   aka whooping cough; a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration  
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Pharyngitis   aka sore throat; an inflammation of the pharynx  
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Pharyngoplasty   the surgical repair of the pharynx  
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Pleurectomy   the surgical removal of part of the pleura  
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Pleurisy   an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath  
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Pleurodynia   pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movements  
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Pneumoconiosis   fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contact  
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Pneumonectomy   the surgical removal of all or part of a lung  
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Pneumothorax   the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse  
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Polysomnography   aka sleep apnea study; measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea  
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Pulmonologist   a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues  
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Pulse oximeter   an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood  
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Pyothorax   the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane  
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Sinusitis   an inflammation of the sinuses  
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Tachypnea   an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute  
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Thoracentesis   the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity  
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Thoracostomy   the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity  
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Tracheostomy   the creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions  
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Tracheotomy   usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage  
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Tuberculosis   an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually attacks the lungs, but can affect other parts of the body  
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COPD   Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease  
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CF   Cystic Fibrosis  
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diph   Diphtheria  
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PCP   Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia  
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pneu, pneum   pneumonia  
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PPV   Positive Pressure Ventilation  
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PD   Postural Drainage  
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PFT   Pulmonary Function Test  
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URI   Upper Respiratory Infection  
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PPD   Purified Protein Derivative  
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R, resp   Respiration  
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RF   Respiratory Failure  
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RR   Respiratory Rate  
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SARS   Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome  
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SIDS   Sudden Infant Death Syndrome  
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Aerophagia   the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach  
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Amebic dysentery   transmitted by food or water that is contaminated due to poor sanitary conditions; symptoms include loose stools, stomach pain, and stomach cramping; bloody stools, or fever in a more sever case  
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Anastomosis   a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures  
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Anorexia nervosa   an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance; voluntary starvation and excessive exercising  
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Antiemetic   a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting  
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Aphthous ulcers   aka canker sores or mouth ulcers; gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth  
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Ascites   an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity  
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Bariatrics   the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases  
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Borborygmus   the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine  
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Botulism   food poisoning; condition transmitted through contaminated food or an infected wound; symptoms include paralysis and sometimes death  
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Bulimia nervosa   an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications  
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Cachexia   a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS  
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Cheilosis   a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth  
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Cholangiography   a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium  
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Cholangitis   an acute infection of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen  
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Cholecystalgia   pain in the gallbladder  
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Cholecystectomy   the surgical removal of the gallbladder  
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Cholecystitis   inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile  
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Choledocholithotomy   an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones  
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Cholelithiasis   the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts  
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Cholera   transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water; symptoms starte with diarrhea and can progress to profuse diarrhea, vomiting, and rapid dehydration that can be fatal if not treated.  
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Cirrhosis   a progressive degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by excessive alcohol use or by viral hepatitis B or C  
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Colonoscopy   the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum  
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Crohn's disease   a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon  
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Diverticulitis   the inflammation of one or more diverticula in the colon  
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Diverticulosis   the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon  
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Dyspepsia   aka indigestion; pain or discomfort in digestion  
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Dysphagia   difficulty in swallowing  
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Emesis   aka vomiting; the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth  
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Enteritis   an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens  
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Eructation   the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach  
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Esophageal varices   enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus  
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Gastroduodenostomy   the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum  
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease   aka GERD; the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus  
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Gastrostomy tube   a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach  
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Hematemesis   the vomiting of blood  
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Hemoccult test   a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools  
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Hepatitis   an inflammtion of the liver  
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Herpes labialis   aka cold sores or fever blisters; blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1  
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Hiatal hernia   a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm  
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Hyperemesis   extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration  
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Ileus   the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine  
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Inguinal hernia   the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin  
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Jaundice   a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes  
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Melena   the passage of black, tarry and foul-smelling stools  
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Morbid obesity   the condition of weighing two to three times, or more, than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 39  
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Nasogastric intubation   the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach  
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Obesity   an excessive accumulation of fat in the body  
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Periodontium   consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth  
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Peristalsis   a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction  
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Proctopexy   the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ  
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Regurgitaion   the return of swallowed food into the mouth  
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Salmonellosis   transmitted by food that is contaminated by feces; symptoms include severe diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and high fever  
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Sigmoidoscopy   the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon  
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stomatorrhagia   describes bleeding from any part of the mouth  
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Trismus   describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer  
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Ulcerative colitis   a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation  
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Volvulus   the twisting of the intestine on itself that causes an obstruction  
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Xerostomia   aka dry mouth; the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands  
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BMI   Body Mass Index  
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chole   Cholecystectomy  
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EGD   Esophagogastroduodenoscopy  
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FOBT   Fecal occult blood test  
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GB   Gallbladder  
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GERD   Gastroesophageal reflux disease  
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HH   Hiatal hernia  
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IBS   Irritable Bowel Syndrome  
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O & P   Ova and parasites  
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HSV-1   Oral Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1  
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TMD   Temporomandibular disorders  
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Anti-   against  
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Carcin/o   cancerous  
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Immuno/o   immune, protection, safe  
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Lymph/o   lymph, lymphatic tissue  
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Lymphaden/o   lymph gland  
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Lymphangi/o   lymph vessel  
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Neo-, ne/o   new, strange  
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-oma   tumor, neoplasm  
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onc/o   tumor  
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phag/o   eat, swallow  
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-plasm   formative material of cells  
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sarc/o   flesh, connective tissue  
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splen/o   spleen  
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-tic   pertaining to  
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tox/o   poison, poisonous  
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bronch/o, bronchi/o   bronchial tube, bronchus  
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cyan/o   blue  
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laryng/o   larynx, throat  
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ox/i, ox/o, ox/y   oxygen  
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pharyng/o   throat, pharynx  
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phon/o   sound, voice  
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pleur/o   pleura, side of the body  
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-pnea   breathing  
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pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu-   lung, air  
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pulm/o, pulmon/o   lung  
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somn/o   sleep  
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spir/o   to breathe  
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tachy-   fast, rapid  
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thorac/o, -thorax   chest  
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trache/o   trachea, windpipe  
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an/o   anus  
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chol/e   bile, gall  
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cholecyst/o   gallbladder  
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col/o, colon/o   colon, large intestine  
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-emesis   vomiting  
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enter/o   small intestine  
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esophag/o   esophagus  
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gastr/o   stomach, belly  
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hepat/o   liver  
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-lithiasis   presence of stones  
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-pepsia   digest, digestion  
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-phagia   eating, swallowing  
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proct/o   anus and rectum  
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rect/o   rectum, straight  
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sigmoid/o   sigmoid colon  
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