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Earth and Space Science

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
sedimentary rocks   form from the weathered remains of all 3 types of rocks that have been lithified  
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igneous rocks   form with the crystallization of hot magma from within the earth. the slower the cooling the larger the crystals  
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metamorphic rocks   rocks are formed by heat, pressure and or chemicals altering existing rock deep within the earth's crust  
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Mons Scale   hardness scale of a mineral; one mineral is capable of scratching another must be harder  
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Talc Hardness   1  
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Gypsum Hardness   2 (2.5 is a fingernail)  
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Calcite Hardness   3 (copper penny)  
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Fluorite Hardness   4  
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Apatite Hardness   5 (Nail)  
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Potassium Feldspar Hardness   6  
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Quartz Hardness   7  
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Topaz Hardness   8  
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Corundum Hardness   9  
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Diamond Hardness   10 can scratch glass  
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Mineral classification   by crystal size, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, and fracture properties  
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aridisols   very dray and light in color soil  
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mollisols   dark and fertile soil in grasslands  
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alifisols   soil found under forest vegetation from Southern Florida to Minnesota  
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ultisols   SE US tend to be red soil and are found near lots of water  
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spodsols   rich soil with sand  
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entisols   immature sands deposited from wind or water  
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inceptisols   soil found in tundra environments  
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vertisols   heavy clay  
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histosols   organic soil from poor drainage areas  
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andisols   volcanic material  
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Layers of the Earth   inner core, outer core, mantle and crust  
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lithosphere   outer most layer, land area we see  
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biosphere   the life on earth  
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atmosphere   the layer of gases surrounding the earth  
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hydrosphere   the water portion of the earth of which 3% is freshwater and 97% salt water. large portion of the freshwater is locked up in the glaciers  
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folding   when 2 plates are compressing against one another, the folding causes either an Anticline (the shape of an A) or a Syncline to occur  
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faulting   where 2 plates move past each other  
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earthquakes   vibrations of the earth's crust caused by the rapid release of energy  
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volcanoes   usually are found along fault lines. they are an area where hot magma is thrown from the center of the earth at intervals  
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plate tectonic theory   earth's continents are on large plates that float on the earth's mantle. they were once all one super continent  
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continental drift theory   the fit of the continents, like that of a large puzzle, fossil evidence on different continents aligned with the puzzle, and rock types and structure similarities where the continents would have been connected  
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evaporation   from the oceans and streams  
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precipitation   over the land  
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water moves through the cycle by the means of   evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, transpiration, runoff  
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infiltration   water seeping into the lakes and streams through the soil  
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transpiration   absorbed by plants and later released back into the atmosphere  
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runoff   from the lakes and streams back into the large oceans and seas  
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weathering   two types mechanical and chemical  
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mechanical weathering   caused by frost wedging expansion, thermal expansion and biological activity  
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chemical weathering   causes dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis  
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erosion   the transportation of material by water, wind and ice. it occurs mainly due to weathering  
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deposition   when water vapor turns into ice without going through the liquid state  
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uniformarianism   states that physical chemical and biological properties that exist today also existed in the past the same principles. it does not mean that things occurred at the same rate as they do today  
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stratigraphy or Laws of supposition   looking at a side of layers of rocks the oldest rocks will be on the bottom&the newer rocks will be on the top  
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igneous intrusions   will be newer than the layers of rocks they cut through as those rocks would have had to have been there before they could seep through  
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relative dating   is placing rocks and structures in an order of occurrence based on evidence and then extrapolating the dates of existence  
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absolute dating   when you know the exact date a formation occurred, example. the weathering of a tombstone can be considered absolute bc you have a date of which the tombstone was placed there  
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petrified   animals cavities are filled with minerals and replaced  
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mold   shell buried in sediment then dissolved away leaves a mold  
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cast   when the mold is filled with a mineral  
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carbonization   left behind carbon in the shape of an animal  
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impressions   prints or shapes left in rocks  
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amber   some animals such as insects get trapped in a resin like material leaving complete animals preserved  
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information fossils can provide   information about the surface of the earth (water or land), the climate of an area and the types organisms that existed at that time period  
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Eons   Phanerozoic, Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean  
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Era (PMC)   Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic  
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Periods   Quarternary and Tertiary Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian Precambrian  
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Epoch   Holocene, Pleistocene, Piocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene,  
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4 Oceans   Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic  
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12 Seas   Coral, Arabian, South China, Mediterranean, Bering, Bay of Bengal, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Guinea, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Gulf of Alaska  
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Ocean Waves   Movement of energy through a meduim. water doesnt move but orbits in small circles. caused by the wind blowing across the ocean surface 4 types: capillary, wind wave, seiche, seismic wave, tide  
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capillary   wind driven  
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wind wave   wind over ocean  
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seiche   change in atmospheric pressure, storm surge or tsunami  
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seismic wave   volcanic eruption of faulting on the seafloor  
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tide   gravitational attraction of the rotation  
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primary causes and factors that influence tides   tides are caused by inertia and the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun on the earths surface, causes the rhythmic rising and falling of the water on the earth surface, most coasts have semidiurnal tides or 2 high and 2 low tides per day  
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neap tides   occur are the smallest variations between the high and low tide and occur when the sun earth and moon are at right angles  
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spring tides   occur when the earth sun and moon are in a straight line and are the largest variations between the high and low tide  
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topography and landforms of the ocean floor and shorelines   seafloor landforms created in similar ways to continental landformsvocanoes deposit lava solidified into rock/can create islands&canyons sea floor spreading cause mass plains areas mountain building such as faulting&folding cause underwater moutain ranges  
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abyssal plain   area where sea floor spreading has created flat plains like area under water  
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continental shelf   shallow region extending out from the continents  
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continental slope   where the shelf meets the deep reaches of the ocean  
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ridge   underwater mountain range  
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trench   ocean floor canyon  
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currents   caused by the sinking of colder dense water and the rising of warmer water. the water circulates due to the uneven heating of the earth between the poles and the equator  
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Cold Currents   Antarctic Circumpolar, Peru, Benauela, Greenland, Labrador, California, Alaskan, Kamchatka, Canary  
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Warm Currents   North Pacific, Equatorial Counter, Sourth Equatorial, Eastern Australia, Gulf Stream, North Equatorial, North Atlantic  
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factors influencing seasonal and latitudinal variation of solar radiation   tilt of the earth causes the seasons. the angle the sun's rays strike the earth causes variations. the earth is closer to the sun in january than in july  
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chemical composition of the atmosphere   N 78% O 21% Ar .9% CO2 .03% Others %1  
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Troposphere   nearly all weather initiats  
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ionosphere   is an electrically charged area  
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Layers of the earth   Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere  
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Relative Humidity   the amount of water vapor compared to what the body of air could hold  
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absolute humidity   the amount of water vapor compared to the volume of air  
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dew point   temperature air is cooled to, to reach saturation point  
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frost point   temperature in which ice crystals form when temp reaches a dew point below freezing  
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specific heat   amount of heat required to raise the temperature. water has a 3 x's greater specific heat than land. land will heat quicker  
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precipitation   sleet, freezing rain, hail, snow  
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sleet   rain freeze when passing through a subfreezing layer of air  
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freezing rain   cold air freezes on contact with a frozen surface  
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hail   lumps of raindrops that have gathered layers from being up drafted back into the clouds  
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snow   ice crystals that formed in cool temps and pass continually through cool temps until hitting the ground  
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high clouds   cirrus, cirrostratus and cirrocumulus  
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middle clouds   altocumulus and alto stratus  
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low clouds   stratus stratocumulus nimbostratus cumulus and cumulonimbus  
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continental arctic (cA)   cold and dry air from arctic and greeland  
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continental polar (cP)   very cold and dry air from Canada and Alaska  
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continental tropical (cT)   hot and dry air from the SW US (mostly summer)  
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maritime tropical (mT)   SE US warm and humid  
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maritime polar (mP)   mildly cool and humid all year long Western USA  
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high pressure system   stable air associated with clearing air and good weather  
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low pressure system   unstable air, associated with bad weather. Tornadoes and hurricanes have extremely low pressures  
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cold front   moves cooler air under warm air. heavy rain usually found ahead of the front  
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warm front   warm air moving over colder air, light rain over a large area  
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stationary front   several days stalled movement, causes of most flooding rains  
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occluded front   two fronts overlapping, cold front conquers a warm front  
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isobar   points of equal pressure  
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isotherms   connecting points of air temperature  
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short term weather   computer modeling persistence forecasts, trend forecasting and "nowcasting" -- weather radar and geostationary satellites  
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long term weather   climatic data and computer modeling; examine statistical records of past and compare to the visual data of the current weather. extrapolate potential weather. nearly all done by computer modeling  
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desertification   spreading of desert conditions mostly by clear cutting and removal of forests  
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effects on the regional and local natural factors of climate   temperature and precipitation  
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temperature   based on latitude altitude distance to a body of water and ocean currents  
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precipitation   based on mountains and winds  
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desertification   spreading of desert conditions mostly by clear cutting and removal forests  
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greenhouse   increase in greenhouse gases can potentially cause global warming.  
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volcanic ash   blocks sunlight, causing cooler temperatures  
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el nino   period of ocean warming that effect eastern tropical pacitic (warmer waters in the NE US and West; drought in Indonesia, Australia and Phillippines; suppress hurricanes in the Atlantic)  
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Big Bang Theory   universe created when condense matter exploded pushing matter into space&creating stars/planets accepted in the scientific community supported by fact other galaxies moving away newton/kepler laws applied to universe fits data we receive goes w/evolution  
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redshift data   galaxies are moving away from ours  
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creationism   held by various faiths whereby a being created the heavens earth&all of its living creatures some theologians access that earth is as young as 10000 yo evidence provided by churches doesnt often past the test of science but until either case both theories  
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Au   distance between earth and the sun, approx 150 million km or 93 million miles  
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LY   distance it takes light to travel in a year, approx 63000 AU or 9.6 trillion km  
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parsec   distance from the sun to object with a || angle of 1 arc  
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life cycle of a start   gas cloud condenses in space a dense body of material develops into a proto star>main sequence star>red giant star> planetary nebula?white dwarf star initial energy source is gravitational energy if the star has enough mass fusion occurs  
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suns 3 areas   photosphere, chromosphere and corona, solar flares  
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photosphere   part most likely seen by us on the earth, approximately 5800 C  
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chromosphere   approximately 10000 C  
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corona   seen during eclipse of the sun 1-2 million C  
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solar flares   have cycles of approximately 11 years and can effect weather on earth; spinicules and solar winds  
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major theories involving the origin of the solar system   solar system about 5 myo 2 possible theories Evolutionary Theory and Catastrophe  
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Evolutionary Theory   suggests initially lrg globular cloud of gas that was spinning from big bang the spinning brings about conservation of angular momentum&the gas cloud begins flatten&spin rather fast as gas cool elements form&group together to form planets asteroids moons  
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Catastrophe   a comet closed very close to the sun and dragged material away from the sun  
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where does the energy come from?   nuclear fusion in which 4 H nuclei and fused to make 1 He Hydrostatic Equilibruim also contributes to the sun's energy The gravitational pull of material downward pull of material downward equal to the upward forces cause by the nuclear fusion in the core  
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movement in the solar system   planets comets asteroids and nearly all celestial objects orbit in elliptical patterns  
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Jovian Planets   Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Pluto)  
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Terrestrial Planets   Mercury Venus Earth Mars  
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Location of the sun   1/3 on the outer part of the Milky Way most bodies we see with the naked eye oare in our planet  
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Lunar eclipse   when the earth is between the moon and the sun, seen at night, does not always happen because the moon orbits at an inclination  
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solar eclipse   when the moon is between the earth and the sun, this type averages 2 per year but can only be seen in a very small location at one time  
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causes moon phases   moons revolutions and rotation periods are excatly alike the moon orbits the earth a little less than one time per month as the moon moves around the earth we only see the portion which is pacing the sun the moon's phases go as followed  
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moon phases   new > crescent> waxing 1st quarter > waxing gibbous > full moon > waning gibbous> waning 3rd quarter > new moon  
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Earth's seasons   tilted axis 23.5 degrees during summer the northern hemisphere positioned facing toward the sun winter the sourthern hemisphere angled toward the sun it should be noted that the earth closest in its orbits the sun during the northern hemispheres winter  
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year   the amount of time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun  
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day   time it takes the earth to make a complete rotation  
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hour   15 degrees of longitude on earth  
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understanding time zones   prime meridian is at 0 longitude through england, each spacing is = 15 (= 1 hr) total of 24 lines of longitude & a 360 circumference around the earth 180 longitude International Data Line position on earth where our calendars change from 1 day to the next  
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geosnchronous orbits and recognize how satellites   circle the earth once a day, time it takes to travel around the earth is called its period,  
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geostationary satellites   hover over the equator, they are used for TV broadcasting cell phones weather and military  
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manned space missions   not cost effective limits include time constraints and the ability to supply enough food oxygen and water for human beings for a period of time trips to the moon and space station  
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unmanned space missions   greater potential can operate at much longer durations w/out the need to return to the earth equipment can be smaller and much more cost effective ex would be hubble space telescope mars rovers spirit&opportunity&cassini-huygens mission (saturn and moons)  
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scientific contributions of remote sensing   remote sensing is used to view a wide variety of conditions on the earth, have been used to view the magnetic field, the heat, the atmosphere, "hole in the ozone" POES and GOES weather satellites etc.  
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