Final exam review for Anatomy and Physiology 1
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| What is a proton | positively charged particle
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| What is a neutron | neutral subatomic particle
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| What makes atomic number | number of protons
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| What makes atomic mass | the number of protons and neutrons
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| What is an isotope? | two or more atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
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| What is a reactive atom? | An atom that does not have a full valence shell.
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| What is an inert atom? | An atom that has a full valence shell
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| What is an acid? | a material with a pH over 7 and has more hydrogen ions that hydroxide ions
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| What is a base? | a material with a pH less than 7 and has more hydroxide ions that hydrogen atoms
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| What is a neutral material? | A material with a pH of 7 and as equal parts hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
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| What is a peptide bond? | The chemical bond formed between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of neighboring amino acids, constituting the primary linkage of all protein structures
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| What is a covalent bond? | A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms
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| What is an ionic bond? | A chemical bond in which one atom gives up an electron to another, thereby generating an electrical force that holds the atoms together.
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| What is a hydrogen bond? | A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom, usually of another molecule
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| What are the base pairs | The base pairs are adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine in DNA, and adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA.
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| What is RNA? | (a nucleic acid) in living cells that is concerned with protein synthesis. base pairs for RNA are adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA
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| What is DNA? | A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell. capable of synthesis of RNA.
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| What does hypertonic mean? | Having the higher osmotic pressure of two solutions.
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| What does isotonic mean? | Solutions with the same osmotic pressure
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| What does hypotonic mean? | Having the lower osmotic pressure of two fluids.
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| What is the function of mitochondria? | produces ATP
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| What is the function of ribosomes? | convert stored genetic information into protein molecules
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| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? | It is the packaging center, packages nutrients waste etc. to be distributed
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| What is the function of centrioles? | centrioles give structure to the cell
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| What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? | stores, seperates and serves as the cells transport system
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| What is the function of lysosomes? | Lysosomes are digestive enzymes that eat up things in the cell. For example when a baby is born and the fingers need to be seperated.
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| What is the function of peroxisomes? | contains oxidizing enzymes that break down toxic materials in the cell.
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| What is replication? | When DNA makes a copy of itself.
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| What is transcription? | the process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.
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| What is translation? | When nucleotides are converted to amino acids.
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| What is mitosis? | Mitosis is cell division
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| What does PMAT stand for? | PMAT stands for Prophase, Metaphasse, Anaphase, and telophase
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| What is a codon? | the "mirror image" sequence in mRNA
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| What is an anticodon? | the three nucleotides at one side of the L in tRNA.
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| What is meiosis? | the division of sex cells
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| what is the arrector pili muscle? | smooth muscle that extends from the papillary zone of the dermis to the base of a hair follicle. Involuntary contraction causes hair erection which, in some species, is most noticeable on the neck and along the
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| What is epiphysis? | the expanded articular end of a long bone
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| What is Diaphysis? | the shaft of a long bone
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| What is the epiphyseal plate? | a thin layer of cartilage between the epiphysis, a secondary bone-forming center, and the bone shaft. The new bone forms along the plate
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| What is the epiphyseal line? | a plane or plate on a long bone, visible as a line, marking the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis
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| What is kyphosis? | when your spine curves and you are hunchbacked.
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| What is lordosis? | when your spin curves and you are bent backward.
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| What is scoliosis? | when you spine is crooked.
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| What is insertion? | the stationary attachment of a muscle to a bone.
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| What is origin? | the mobile stationary attachment of a muscle to the bone.
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| What does proximal mean? | Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the midline of the body
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| What does distal mean? | Situated farthest from the middle
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| What are interculating discs? | linkages that connects myocyte to myocyte in cardiac muscle.
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| What is myosin? | A protein found in muscle tissue as a thick filament made up of an aggregate of similar proteins.
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| What is troponin? | One of the proteins that make up the thin filaments of muscle tissue and that regulate muscle contraction and relaxation. It is a receptor of calcium.
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| What is tropomyosin? | Any of a group of muscle proteins that bind to molecules of actin and troponin to regulate the interaction of actin and myosin.
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| What is the cerebrum? | The largest part of the brain.It controls and integrates motor, sensory, and higher mental functions, such as thought, reason, emotion, and memory.
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| What is the cerebellum? | the back part of the brain, which controls balance and muscular coordination
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| What is the diencephalon? | The posterior part of the forebrain that connects the midbrain with the cerebral hemispheres, encloses the third ventricle, and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
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| What is the mesencephalon? | The midbrain, connects the forebrain and the hind brain.
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| What is the medulla oblengata? | The lowermost portion of the brainstem in humans and other mammals. It is important in the reflex control of involuntary processes, including respiration, heartbeat, and blood pressure
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| What is the pons? | A band of nerve fibers on the ventral surface of the brain stem that links the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with upper portions of the brain
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| What are the meninges? | The three membranes that enclose the vertebrate brain and spinal cord: the pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater.
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| What is the pia mater? | meninge layer that is closet to brain.
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| What is the arachnoid? | A delicate membrane that encloses the spinal cord and brain and lies between the pia mater and dura mater.
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| What is the dura mater? | The outermost layer of the meninges.
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| How many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5
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| how many thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12
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| How many cervical vertebrae are there? | 7
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| How many ribs are there? | 12 pair
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| What are the tarsals? | Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Cuniform1 Cuniform2 Cuniform3
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| What are the metacarpals? | Scaphoid Lunae Triquetrium Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
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