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Human Anatomy (Marieb)

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Question
Answer
Salt   ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH- (dissociate in water)  
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Electrolyte   substance that conducts an electrical current in a solution (all ions are electrolytes) (dissociate in water)  
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What is one of the most important functions of the kidney?   Maintain correct ionic balance in body fluids required for homeostasis  
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List the 5 properties that make water vital to life   High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, Polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning  
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Acid   a substance that releases Hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts (also called proton donors) Electrolytes  
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Bases   A substance that takes up Hydrogen ions (H+). also called proton acceptors. Electrolytes  
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Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)   an importance base found in blood  
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pH units   measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various fluids  
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What happens when acids and bases mix?   they react to form water and a salt  
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neutralization reaction   reaction when an acid and base mix. They neutralize and form water anda salt  
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Buffers   Chemical systems that resist abrupt and large swings in pH levels  
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Why is Carbon so important   Unlike any other small atom, it is electroneutral  
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Polymers   chainlike molecules made of many smaller, identical or similar units (monomers) joined together  
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Monosaccharides   Simple sugars or single-chain structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms  
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Disaccharide   double sugar, or two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis  
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Polysaccharides   polymers of simple sugars. Large and fairly insoluble they are ideal storage products.  
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Glycogen   Polysaccharide (storage carbohydrate) of animals  
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Lipids   insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids or organic solvents  
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Triglycerides   also called neutral fats. called fats when solid and oils when liquid. very large molecules. composed of fatty acids and glycerol  
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Saturated fats   single covalent bonds between carbon atoms form single chains resulting in solid fats. Animal Fats (Solid at room temp)  
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unsaturated fats   contain one or more double bond between carbon atoms resulting in liquid oils Plant oils (liquid at room temp)  
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Trans fats   Oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at the point of the double bonds  
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Phospholipids   modified triglycerides (contain 2 instead of 3 fatty acid chains)  
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Steriods   fat soluble, containing little oxygen. 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings  
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Amino acids   building block of proteins. can act as either an acid or a base  
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Peptide bond   bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxly group of a second amino acid with the loss of water  
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Macrololecules   large, complex molecules containing over 100 to 10,000 amino acids  
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alpha-helix structure of protein   coiled structure - like a slinky toy always link different parts of the same chain together  
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beta-sheet structure of protein   pleated, ribbon like structure - like an accordion bellow may link different chains or different parts of the same chain  
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fibrous proteins   also called structural proteins - extended and strand like insoluble in water and very stable Structural proteins  
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what is the most abundant protein in the body   collagen  
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globular proteins   also called functional proteins - compact, spherical water soluble and chemically active Transport proteins Hydrogen bonds Can be disrupted by pH imbalance Depends on active sites  
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denatured condition   when a protein unfolds and loses its 3-dimensional shape due to temperature or pH changes  
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Enzyme   globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst Binds to substrate Denaturation disrupts process  
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Activation Energy   The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action  
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Nucleic acids   the largest molecules in the body composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus  
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What are the two major classes of Nucleic acids   Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)  
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Nucleotides   structural units of nucleic acids  
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What are the 5 major varieties of nitrogen containing bases that contribute to nucleotide structure   adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)  
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Double helix   spiral staircase like structure of DNA  
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What are the complementary bases   A always bonds to T G always bonds to C  
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DNA   Long, double-stranded polymer consisting of A, G, C and T main sugar is deoxyribose Gives instruction to RNA Replicates cell division  
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RNA   carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA. Single strands of nucleotides consisting of A, G, C, and U Main sugar is Ribose  
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)   Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy (glucose) for use in the body Energy can be used immediately Directly powers chemical reactions in cells  
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What are the 2 classes of compounds   Organic inorganic  
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Inorganic compounds   don't contain carbon (except CO2 and CO) water, salts, and many acids and bases  
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organic compounds   contain carbon, usually large, and covalently bonded carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids  
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What is the normal pH level for blood   between 7.35 and 7.45  
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What are the 4 main kinds of organic compounds   Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids  
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What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates   Monosaccharides (One sugar), Disaccharides (Two sugars), Polysaccharides (many sugars)  
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What are the two major functions of carbohydrates   Source of Cellular fuel (glucose) Structural molecules  
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What two kinds of foods are carbohydrates   sugars starches  
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What are the 3 main functions of Lipids   Energy storage Insulation Protection  
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What kind of organic compound are steroids   Lipids  
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What kinds of organic compound are triglycerides?   Lipids  
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What makes phospholipids unique   they have a head an tail region that are each polarized  
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What is the most important steroid   Cholesterol  
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List 4 common steroids found in the body   Cholesterol Vitamin D Steroid hormones Bile Salts  
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Are proteins polymers or monomers   Polymers  
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What are the monomers found in proteins   amino acids  
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What elements are common to proteins   Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen sometimes Sulfur and Phosphorus  
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What kind of bond joins amino acids   covalent bonds called peptide bonds  
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Amino acids contain what two groups   amine group (acts like base) acid group (acts like acid)  
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All amino acids have the same structure except for which part   the R group  
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What are amino acids with less than 50 chains called   Polypeptide  
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What accounts for the different function in amino acids   their chain sequence variation  
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What are the four levels of protein structure in amino acids   1. primary - chain of amino acids 2. secondary - formation of helices or sheets 3. teritary - helices or sheets fold up to form globular molecules 4. quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own first three levels combine  
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Name 2 examples of fibrous proteins   Collagen Keratin  
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Give 3 examples of Globular proteins   Antibodies Hormones Enzymes  
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What are the three kinds of RNA   Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  
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What is the structure of RNA   Adenine containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups  
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What are three functions of ATP   Transport work - activates proteins to transport solutes across cell membranes Mechanical work - contract proteins in muscle cells so they can shorten Chemical work - provides energy for chemical reactions  
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What is the pH range for acidic cubstances   0 to 6.999 (below 7)  
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What is the pH range for alkaline subtances   7.0001 to 14 (above 7)  
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