Human Anatomy (Marieb)
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Salt | ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH- (dissociate in water)
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Electrolyte | substance that conducts an electrical current in a solution (all ions are electrolytes) (dissociate in water)
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What is one of the most important functions of the kidney? | Maintain correct ionic balance in body fluids required for homeostasis
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List the 5 properties that make water vital to life | High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, Polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning
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Acid | a substance that releases Hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts (also called proton donors) Electrolytes
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Bases | A substance that takes up Hydrogen ions (H+). also called proton acceptors. Electrolytes
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Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) | an importance base found in blood
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pH units | measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various fluids
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What happens when acids and bases mix? | they react to form water and a salt
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neutralization reaction | reaction when an acid and base mix. They neutralize and form water anda salt
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Buffers | Chemical systems that resist abrupt and large swings in pH levels
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Why is Carbon so important | Unlike any other small atom, it is electroneutral
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Polymers | chainlike molecules made of many smaller, identical or similar units (monomers) joined together
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Monosaccharides | Simple sugars or single-chain structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
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Disaccharide | double sugar, or two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
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Polysaccharides | polymers of simple sugars. Large and fairly insoluble they are ideal storage products.
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Glycogen | Polysaccharide (storage carbohydrate) of animals
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Lipids | insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids or organic solvents
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Triglycerides | also called neutral fats. called fats when solid and oils when liquid. very large molecules. composed of fatty acids and glycerol
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Saturated fats | single covalent bonds between carbon atoms form single chains resulting in solid fats.
Animal Fats (Solid at room temp)
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unsaturated fats | contain one or more double bond between carbon atoms resulting in liquid oils
Plant oils (liquid at room temp)
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Trans fats | Oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at the point of the double bonds
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Phospholipids | modified triglycerides (contain 2 instead of 3 fatty acid chains)
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Steriods | fat soluble, containing little oxygen. 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
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Amino acids | building block of proteins. can act as either an acid or a base
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Peptide bond | bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxly group of a second amino acid with the loss of water
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Macrololecules | large, complex molecules containing over 100 to 10,000 amino acids
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alpha-helix structure of protein | coiled structure - like a slinky toy
always link different parts of the same chain together
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beta-sheet structure of protein | pleated, ribbon like structure - like an accordion bellow
may link different chains or different parts of the same chain
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fibrous proteins | also called structural proteins - extended and strand like
insoluble in water and very stable
Structural proteins
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what is the most abundant protein in the body | collagen
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globular proteins | also called functional proteins - compact, spherical
water soluble and chemically active
Transport proteins
Hydrogen bonds
Can be disrupted by pH imbalance
Depends on active sites
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denatured condition | when a protein unfolds and loses its 3-dimensional shape due to temperature or pH changes
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Enzyme | globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst
Binds to substrate
Denaturation disrupts process
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Activation Energy | The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action
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Nucleic acids | the largest molecules in the body composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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What are the two major classes of Nucleic acids | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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Nucleotides | structural units of nucleic acids
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What are the 5 major varieties of nitrogen containing bases that contribute to nucleotide structure | adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
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Double helix | spiral staircase like structure of DNA
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What are the complementary bases | A always bonds to T
G always bonds to C
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DNA | Long, double-stranded polymer consisting of A, G, C and T
main sugar is deoxyribose
Gives instruction to RNA
Replicates cell division
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RNA | carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA.
Single strands of nucleotides consisting of A, G, C, and U
Main sugar is Ribose
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy (glucose) for use in the body
Energy can be used immediately
Directly powers chemical reactions in cells
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What are the 2 classes of compounds | Organic
inorganic
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Inorganic compounds | don't contain carbon (except CO2 and CO)
water, salts, and many acids and bases
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organic compounds | contain carbon, usually large, and covalently bonded
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids
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What is the normal pH level for blood | between 7.35 and 7.45
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What are the 4 main kinds of organic compounds | Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides (One sugar),
Disaccharides (Two sugars),
Polysaccharides (many sugars)
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What are the two major functions of carbohydrates | Source of Cellular fuel (glucose)
Structural molecules
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What two kinds of foods are carbohydrates | sugars
starches
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What are the 3 main functions of Lipids | Energy storage
Insulation
Protection
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What kind of organic compound are steroids | Lipids
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What kinds of organic compound are triglycerides? | Lipids
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What makes phospholipids unique | they have a head an tail region that are each polarized
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What is the most important steroid | Cholesterol
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List 4 common steroids found in the body | Cholesterol
Vitamin D
Steroid hormones
Bile Salts
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Are proteins polymers or monomers | Polymers
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What are the monomers found in proteins | amino acids
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What elements are common to proteins | Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
sometimes Sulfur and Phosphorus
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What kind of bond joins amino acids | covalent bonds called peptide bonds
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Amino acids contain what two groups | amine group (acts like base)
acid group (acts like acid)
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All amino acids have the same structure except for which part | the R group
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What are amino acids with less than 50 chains called | Polypeptide
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What accounts for the different function in amino acids | their chain sequence variation
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What are the four levels of protein structure in amino acids | 1. primary - chain of amino acids
2. secondary - formation of helices or sheets
3. teritary - helices or sheets fold up to form globular molecules
4. quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own first three levels combine
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Name 2 examples of fibrous proteins | Collagen
Keratin
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Give 3 examples of Globular proteins | Antibodies
Hormones
Enzymes
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What are the three kinds of RNA | Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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What is the structure of RNA | Adenine containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups
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What are three functions of ATP | Transport work - activates proteins to transport solutes across cell membranes
Mechanical work - contract proteins in muscle cells so they can shorten
Chemical work - provides energy for chemical reactions
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What is the pH range for acidic cubstances | 0 to 6.999 (below 7)
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What is the pH range for alkaline subtances | 7.0001 to 14 (above 7)
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