Endocrine system
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| What is the Endocrine System? | Ductless glands; secrete hormones directly to blood stream; respond slowly; exerts long-lasting effect; adapts slow to continual stimulation
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| What is a characteristic of Exocrine gland? | Have ducts that carry secretions to the body's surface
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| A steroid hormone? | Pass through cell's membrane; binding to receptors in nucleus
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| A nonsteroid hormone? | Can't pass through cell wall; bind to receptors on cell surface
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| What is a second messenger system? | A cascade of processes that influences a cell's response to hormone
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| The pituatary gland | Influences more than any other endocrine gland
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| Characteristics of anterior pituatary gland? | Larger than posterior pituatary gland; glandular tissue; secretes hormones under hypothalamus direction; release or suppress hormones from hypothalamus
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| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Also called thyrotropin; stimulates The thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
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| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries
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| Lutenizing hormone (LH) | Stimulate ovulation in female
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| Growth hormone (GH) | Act on the entire body to promote protein synthesis lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and bone and skeletal muscle growth
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| Posterior pituitary gland | Stores antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus
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| Oxytocin | Stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth and triggers the release of milk from the breast during lactation
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| ADH or vasopressin | Acts on the kidney to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration
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| Negative feedback is a process by which | Stimulation of another endocrine gland by the pituitary to secrete it's hormone then fed back to the pituitary to stop release of tropic hormone
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| Pineal gland | Produces melatonin; might regulate the timing of puberty
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| Thymus | Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin that have a role and development of the immune system; member of both the endocrine system and the immune system
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| Thyroid gland | Secretes T3 T4 and calcitonin; exposure to cold stimulates the release of TSH increasing the body's metabolic rate to increase heat production
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| What two main thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid follicles? | T3 and T4 are secreted by the cells lining the sacs
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| Parafollicular cells secrete | Calcitonin in response to increasing blood calcium levels
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| Parathyroid hormones influence on | Bones inhibit new bone formation and stimulate the breakdown of old bone; kidneys reabsorp calcium and activate vitamin D; intestines vitamin D is important for intestinal absorption of calcium
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| Parathyroid glands release PTH in response to | Low blood calcium levels
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| What is tetany | Severe muscle spasm that occur from hypocalcemia from accidental parathyroid gland removal
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| The two distinct glands of the adrenal glands | The inner portion adrenal medulla; The outer portion adrenal cortex
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| The adrenal medula | Contains modified neurons and function as part of the sympathetic nervous system that secrete catecholamines specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| The adrenal cortex | Is glandular tissue that secretes corticosteroids consisting of three layers
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| The three layers of the adrenal cortex are | Zona glomerulosa outer most layer
Zona fasciculata middle layed
Zona reticularis innermost layer
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| Zona fasciculata | Secretes glucocorticoids most active during stress
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| Mineralocorticoids (Aldesterone) | Act on kidneys to promote Na+ retention and K+ excretion also cause water retention
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| Glucocorticoids ( cortisol) | Aid in damaged tissue repair;have anti-inflammatory effect; aid in maintaining normal blood pressure; and suppress the immune system if secreted over a long time
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| Sex steroids | Testosterone and estrogen
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| What is the pancreas | Sit behind stomach contain both endocrine and exocrine tissue; acts mainly as exocrine gland; secrete digestive enzymes; islets contain different types cells alpha,beta, or delta
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| Alpha cells | Secrete glucagon between meal when blood glucose levels decline
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| Beta cells | Secrete insulin stimulating self to take up more glucose
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| Glucagon | Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose when blood sugar decreases
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| Catecholamines | Booth glucose levels by breaking down glycogen
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| Glucocorticoids | Convert fat and protein to glucose
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| Type 2 diabetes | Loss of insulin receptors on target cells leading to insulin resistance
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| Type 1 diabetes | Insulin deficiency resulting from destruction of beta cells
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