Joints
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joints are also called: | articulations
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functions of joints: | hold skeleton together & gives skeleton mobility
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2 classification of joints: | structural & functional
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the structural classification of joints are based on: | joint cavity & material joint is made up of
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functional classification of joints are based on___ | movement
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3 types of functional classification of joints: | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
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what are synarthroses? | no movement
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what are amphiarthroses? | some movement
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___ are freely movable joints | diarthroses
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the less movable the joint, the more ___ it is | stable
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what are the 3 structural classification of joints? | fibrous joints, synovial joints, & cartilaginous joints
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fibrous joints are joined by what type of tissue? | dense fibrous connective tissue
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fibrous joints has: | no joint cavity & are immovable
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what are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | sutures, syndesmoses & gomphoses
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___ are immovable joints for protection of the brain | sutures
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sutures are made up of ___ tissue fibers | short connective
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in middle age, sutures ossify and fuse and are called: | syntoses (bony junctions)
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sutures only occur in __ | the brain
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___ allows for growth during youth | sutures
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with syndesmoses, movement depends on: | length of connecting fibers
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which fibrous joints are bones connected by ligaments? | syndesmoses
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peg-in-socket joints belong to which fibrous joints? | gomphoses
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cartilaginous joints: | has joint cavity & are highly movable
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2 types of cartilaginous joints are: | synchrondoses & symphyses
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synchondroses are united by ___ cartilage | hyaline
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all synchondroses are___ | synarthrotic
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after the plate closes, synchondroses become ___ | syntoses
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symphyses are united by what cartilage? | fibrocartilage
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symphyses act as: | shock absorbers
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synovial joints are all: | diarthrotic
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synovial joints includes: | all limbs
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most joints of the body are: | synovial joints
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bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity are called: | synovial joints
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6 characteristics of synovial joints: | joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, nerves/blood vessels, reinforcing ligaments & articular cartilage
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what is the purpose of articular cartilage in synovial joints? | prevents crushing of bone ends
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the articular cartilage in synovial joints is made up which cartilage? | hyaline
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the articular capsule in synovial joints consists of what 2 layers? | external fibrous layer & inner synovial membrane
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the inner synovial membrane makes: | synovial fluid
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___ lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage | synovial fluid
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synovial fluid has phagocytic cells to: | remove debris
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___ detect pain, stretch, and monitor joint position | nerve fibers
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___ supply filtrate for synovial fluid | capillary beds
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fatty pads & articular discs(menisci) are features of: | synovial joints
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fatty pads are used for: | cushioning between fibrous layer & synovial membrane
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menisci stablizes joint & reduces: | wear & tear
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bursae & tendon sheath are associated with what type of joint? | synovial joints
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bursae ___ where ligaments, muscles, skin, bones or tendons rub together | reduce friction
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origin: | attachment to immovable bone
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insertion: | attachment to movable bone
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___ causes insertion to move toward origin | muscle contraction
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nonaxial | slipping movements only
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uniaxial | movement in 1 plane
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biaxial | movement in 2 planes
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multiaxial | movement in or around all 3 planes
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abduction is movement___ | away from midline
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adduction is movement__ | toward midline
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2 examples of a gliding movement is: | intercarpal and intertarsal joints
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medial rotation is: | towards midline
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lateral rotation is: | away from midline
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2 examples of rotation is: | rotation of humerus and femur
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the largest & most complex joint of the body is: | the knee
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what is the most freely movement joint in the body? | ball-and-socket joint
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dorisflexion | flexing toes
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plantar flexion | pointing toes
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inversion | sole of foot turned inwards
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eversion | sole of foot turned outwards
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supination | palms facing upwards
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pronation | palms facing downwards
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protraction | being drawn forward
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refraction | being drawn backwards
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opposition only occurs at the: | thumbs
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movement to opposite side of appendage is called | opposition
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2 example of the ball-and-socket joint are: | the hip and shoulder joints
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2 examples of the hinge joint includes the __ and __ | elbow and knee joints
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diarthroses is a type of __ joint | synovial
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synarthrosis is a type of __ joint | fibrous
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amphiarthroses is a type of __ joint | cartilaginous
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