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NAU Cells, Cellular Metabolism

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Answer
Termed the name of the cell in 1665   Robert Lewin Hooke  
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Study of cells   Cytology  
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Also known as the building blocks of life   Cells  
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All cells come from this type of cell   Generalized or Stem Cells  
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Control center of the cell containing the necleolus, which contains the cells genetic material   Nucleus  
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Located in the nucleus, made up of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine   Deoxyribonucleic Acid  
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Located most entirely in the cytoplasm, consists of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, also contains, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA.   Ribonucleic Acid  
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Surrounding membrane, has nuclear pores, so communication is easy within the cell. Ex: Yelling at your children through the window or door of a house   Nuclear Envelope  
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The sites within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled, consisting largely of RNA and protein   Nucleoli  
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Loose strands of DNA wrapped around protein clusters as the cell divides the cords condense   Chromatin  
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Protein clusters   Histones  
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Paired, barrel-shaped structures, responsible for cell division a metabolic function and forms the mitotic spindle near the nucleus   Centrioles  
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Composed of phospholipid bilayer.   Plasma Membrane  
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Consists of a phosphate head which is hydrophyllic and a lipid hydrophobic tail   Phospholipid Bilayer  
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Holds the structure of the molecule and keeps it stationary. Ex: toothpick in a sandwich   Cholesterol Molecules  
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Receives and transmits messages into the cell, determines who gets in and out of the cell   Receptor proteins  
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Forms specialized doorways for specific molecules. Ex: Bouncer at a bar   Integral proteins  
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This allows cells to stick together. Also allows small molecules to move between the cytoplasm and adjacent cells   Desmosomes or Gap Junction  
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Structure within a cell that carry a specific activity for the cell to function.   Organelle  
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Powerhouse of the cell that convert nutrients into ATP- adenine triphosphate   Mitochondria  
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Manufactures protein, very tiny and attached to the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum   Ribosomes  
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Has ribosomes, produces integral proteins and phospholipid molecules   Rough Endoplasmic reticulum  
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Metabolizes fats and stores Calcium ions. Also detoxifies steroids and lipid-soluble medications   Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum  
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Packaging plant of the cell, sorting and sending proteins to their specific destinations. Ex: Post Office   Golgi apparatus  
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Contains digestive enzymes that function as the cell's demolition crew to unwanted substances. If needed will blow themselves and the cell up.   Lysosomes  
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Disarms free radicals, then turns them into hydrogen and peroxide   Peroxisomes  
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Non-permanent structures, not present in all cells that provide storage for: pigments, crystals and food in the form of either glycogen or lipids   Inclusions  
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Cilia and Flagellum   Surface Organelles  
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Long flowing tubes that move bacteria out of the lungs   Cilia  
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Hollow tubes on the surface of the intestines that absorb nutrients   Microvilli  
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Used to move the cell around   Flagellum  
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Requires ATP   Energy Bulk Transport  
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Moving substances against the concentration gradient, (going uphill) and is selectively permeable, ( kool-aid from packet to a pitcher of water   Active transport  
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Means into the cell. Taken in by the membrane, surrounded and pinched off and moved to where it will be digested   Endocytosis  
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Cell eating, Ex: Pacman   Phagocytosis  
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Cell Drinking, Ex: drinking a pina colada   Pinocytosis  
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Needs a specific doorway, needs to be invited into the cell. Na ion received Na ion   Receptor Mediated Endocytosis  
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Means out of the cell. Enclosed by the membrane in a vesicle and transported out of the cell thus rupturing outside the cell(secretion)   Exocytosis  
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Moves substances from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. Ex: air fresheners   Diffusion  
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Movement of water or fluid to an area of higher to lower concentration   Osmosis  
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Cells shrinking and in worst cases die off   Dehydration  
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Moves higher to lower concentration. Ex: Moving out of an airplane   Filtration  
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Moves from higher to lower concentration with the aid of a transporter. Ex: leaving out of an airport with a personal assistant   Facilitated diffusion  
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This is done for cell growth, repair and reproduction   Cell Division  
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Forms sex cells, eggs and sperm   Meiosis  
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Forms somatic cells, that can become any kinds of cell (liver, blood, etc) AKA stem cells   Mitosis  
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase   5 Phases of Cell Division  
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Period when the cell is carrying on normal metabolic functions and DNA duplicates   Interphase  
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Duplicated DNA condenses and the coil tightens (chromosomes), nucleus disappears, centrioles form the mitotic spindle   Prophase  
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Lining up of the chromosomes along the middle of the spindle   Metaphase  
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Separation of the duplicated chromosomes and migration to opposite ends of the cells   Anaphase  
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Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms in each end of the cell and the cell begins to divide.   Telophase  
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Building, inputting energy   Anabolism  
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Breakdown, releasing energy   Catabolism  
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Without oxygen occurs in cytoplasm   Anaerobic Respiration  
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With oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria   Aerobic Respiration  
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Specific amino acids, building blocks   Nucleotides  
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DNA instructs how different proteins are to be constructed   Gene  
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A complete set of genetic instructions, the master blueprint in a cell   Geonome  
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Transfer RNA, Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA   Three types of RNA  
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tRNA   Transfer RNA  
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mRNA   Messenger RNA  
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rRNA   Ribosomal RNA  
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Resembles half of a DNA molecule   mRNA and tRNA  
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Helps form the ribosomes where the proteins are built   rRNA  
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The DNA molecule unwinds and information from DNAis transferred to mRNA   Transcription  
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Information coming from the DNA   Triplet  
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Corresponding copy on mRNA   Codon  
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The change from a nitrogen based language of mRNA to the amino acid language of a synthesized protein   Translation  
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Changes in the genetic information due to damage or alteration of the codes   Mutation  
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Catabolism glucose oxygen yields   Two pyruvic acid molecules  
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A repeating cycle of aerobic reactions that break down pyruvic acids prodcued by glycolysis, producing 2 ATPs, several CO2 molecules and several very energetic hydrogen carrying molecules   Kreb Cycle  
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Catabolism of glucose into pyruvic acid and yields 2 ATP   Glycolysis  
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As a result, the process yields 34-36 ATP   Elecron transport chain/ Oxidative Phosphorylation  
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The recapturing of almost half of the energy released during catabolism   Oxidation  
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C6H1206 + 6O2 yields 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 34-36 ATP   Glucose as fuel equation  
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