NAU Cells, Cellular Metabolism
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Termed the name of the cell in 1665 | Robert Lewin Hooke
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Study of cells | Cytology
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Also known as the building blocks of life | Cells
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All cells come from this type of cell | Generalized or Stem Cells
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Control center of the cell containing the necleolus, which contains the cells genetic material | Nucleus
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Located in the nucleus, made up of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine | Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Located most entirely in the cytoplasm, consists of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, also contains, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA. | Ribonucleic Acid
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Surrounding membrane, has nuclear pores, so communication is easy within the cell. Ex: Yelling at your children through the window or door of a house | Nuclear Envelope
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The sites within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled, consisting largely of RNA and protein | Nucleoli
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Loose strands of DNA wrapped around protein clusters as the cell divides the cords condense | Chromatin
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Protein clusters | Histones
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Paired, barrel-shaped structures, responsible for cell division a metabolic function and forms the mitotic spindle near the nucleus | Centrioles
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Composed of phospholipid bilayer. | Plasma Membrane
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Consists of a phosphate head which is hydrophyllic and a lipid hydrophobic tail | Phospholipid Bilayer
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Holds the structure of the molecule and keeps it stationary. Ex: toothpick in a sandwich | Cholesterol Molecules
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Receives and transmits messages into the cell, determines who gets in and out of the cell | Receptor proteins
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Forms specialized doorways for specific molecules. Ex: Bouncer at a bar | Integral proteins
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This allows cells to stick together. Also allows small molecules to move between the cytoplasm and adjacent cells | Desmosomes or Gap Junction
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Structure within a cell that carry a specific activity for the cell to function. | Organelle
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Powerhouse of the cell that convert nutrients into ATP- adenine triphosphate | Mitochondria
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Manufactures protein, very tiny and attached to the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | Ribosomes
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Has ribosomes, produces integral proteins and phospholipid molecules | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
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Metabolizes fats and stores Calcium ions. Also detoxifies steroids and lipid-soluble medications | Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
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Packaging plant of the cell, sorting and sending proteins to their specific destinations. Ex: Post Office | Golgi apparatus
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Contains digestive enzymes that function as the cell's demolition crew to unwanted substances. If needed will blow themselves and the cell up. | Lysosomes
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Disarms free radicals, then turns them into hydrogen and peroxide | Peroxisomes
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Non-permanent structures, not present in all cells that provide storage for: pigments, crystals and food in the form of either glycogen or lipids | Inclusions
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Cilia and Flagellum | Surface Organelles
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Long flowing tubes that move bacteria out of the lungs | Cilia
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Hollow tubes on the surface of the intestines that absorb nutrients | Microvilli
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Used to move the cell around | Flagellum
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Requires ATP | Energy Bulk Transport
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Moving substances against the concentration gradient, (going uphill) and is selectively permeable, ( kool-aid from packet to a pitcher of water | Active transport
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Means into the cell. Taken in by the membrane, surrounded and pinched off and moved to where it will be digested | Endocytosis
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Cell eating, Ex: Pacman | Phagocytosis
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Cell Drinking, Ex: drinking a pina colada | Pinocytosis
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Needs a specific doorway, needs to be invited into the cell. Na ion received Na ion | Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
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Means out of the cell. Enclosed by the membrane in a vesicle and transported out of the cell thus rupturing outside the cell(secretion) | Exocytosis
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Moves substances from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. Ex: air fresheners | Diffusion
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Movement of water or fluid to an area of higher to lower concentration | Osmosis
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Cells shrinking and in worst cases die off | Dehydration
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Moves higher to lower concentration. Ex: Moving out of an airplane | Filtration
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Moves from higher to lower concentration with the aid of a transporter. Ex: leaving out of an airport with a personal assistant | Facilitated diffusion
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This is done for cell growth, repair and reproduction | Cell Division
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Forms sex cells, eggs and sperm | Meiosis
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Forms somatic cells, that can become any kinds of cell (liver, blood, etc) AKA stem cells | Mitosis
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase | 5 Phases of Cell Division
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Period when the cell is carrying on normal metabolic functions and DNA duplicates | Interphase
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Duplicated DNA condenses and the coil tightens (chromosomes), nucleus disappears, centrioles form the mitotic spindle | Prophase
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Lining up of the chromosomes along the middle of the spindle | Metaphase
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Separation of the duplicated chromosomes and migration to opposite ends of the cells | Anaphase
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Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms in each end of the cell and the cell begins to divide. | Telophase
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Building, inputting energy | Anabolism
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Breakdown, releasing energy | Catabolism
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Without oxygen occurs in cytoplasm | Anaerobic Respiration
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With oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria | Aerobic Respiration
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Specific amino acids, building blocks | Nucleotides
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DNA instructs how different proteins are to be constructed | Gene
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A complete set of genetic instructions, the master blueprint in a cell | Geonome
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Transfer RNA, Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA | Three types of RNA
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tRNA | Transfer RNA
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mRNA | Messenger RNA
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rRNA | Ribosomal RNA
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Resembles half of a DNA molecule | mRNA and tRNA
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Helps form the ribosomes where the proteins are built | rRNA
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The DNA molecule unwinds and information from DNAis transferred to mRNA | Transcription
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Information coming from the DNA | Triplet
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Corresponding copy on mRNA | Codon
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The change from a nitrogen based language of mRNA to the amino acid language of a synthesized protein | Translation
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Changes in the genetic information due to damage or alteration of the codes | Mutation
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Catabolism glucose oxygen yields | Two pyruvic acid molecules
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A repeating cycle of aerobic reactions that break down pyruvic acids prodcued by glycolysis, producing 2 ATPs, several CO2 molecules and several very energetic hydrogen carrying molecules | Kreb Cycle
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Catabolism of glucose into pyruvic acid and yields 2 ATP | Glycolysis
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As a result, the process yields 34-36 ATP | Elecron transport chain/ Oxidative Phosphorylation
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The recapturing of almost half of the energy released during catabolism | Oxidation
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C6H1206 + 6O2 yields 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 34-36 ATP | Glucose as fuel equation
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