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Revision

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
ADH   Hormone which reduces loss of water in urine.  
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Aerobic Respiration   Release of energy from food when oxygen is present.  
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Allele   A version of a particular gene.  
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Amylase   Enzyme which digests starch.  
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Anaemia   Condition caused by lack of iron.  
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Angina   Pain felt when flow restricted in coronary arteries.  
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Antibiotics   Chemical produced by fungi which can kill bacteria.  
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Antibodies   Produced by white cells to attack antigens.  
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Antigens   Foreign chemicals, including protein, which trigger an immune response.  
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Artery   Blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart.  
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Atrium   Upper chamber of the heart.  
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Capillaries   Minute blood vessels which form a network close to cells.  
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Carbohydrase   Enzyme which digests carbohydrate.  
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Carbohydrate   Sugar based food providing energy.  
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Carcinogen   Chemicals which cause cancer.  
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Cartilage   Smooth tissue which covers end of bones.  
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Cataract   Clouding of the eye lens.  
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Cell Surface Membrane   Surrounds cytoplasm and controls movement of materials in and out of the cell.  
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Chemotherapy   Treatment using drugs.  
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Chromosomes   Threads of genetic material in the nucleus.  
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Cilia   Tiny hair like structures on surface of cells of airways.  
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Ciliary Muscles   Muscles which alter the shape of the eye lens for focusing.  
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Clotting   Process where blood cells are trapped in fibrin to form a clot.  
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Clumping   Process where red blood cells stick together. NOT to be confused with clotting.  
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Coeliac Disease   A condition where the immune system attacks gut lining, triggered by gluten.  
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Constrict   Closing up or getting narrower.  
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Cornea   Clear covering on eye.  
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Coronary Artery   Artery that supplies heart muscle.  
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Cystic Fibrosis   A genetic disorder where the person produces very sticky mucus.  
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Cytoplasm   Region of cell in which most chemical reactions take place.  
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Deamination   Breakdown of surplus amino acids.  
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Denatured   Altered shape of an enzyme so it cannot work.  
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Diabetes   Condition resulting in high blood sugar if not controlled.  
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Differentiation   The process by which stem cells change to specialist cells.  
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Diffusion   Net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.  
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Digestive Juice   Juices containing enzymes, produced by the digestive system.  
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Dilate   Open or get wider.  
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DNA   Chemical which carries genetic code.  
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Dominant   The characteristic which is shown when two different alleles are present.  
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Effectors   Muscles or glands which respond to a stimuli.  
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Emulsification   Breakdown of fat into droplets.  
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Endocrine glands   Glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.  
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Enzyme   A biological catalyst made of protein.  
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Epiglottis   Flap which covers opening of trachea when swallowing.  
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Excretion   Removal of waste materials produced by cells.  
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Fibre   Insoluble food material found in vegetables.  
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Fibrin   Insoluble fibres which form a clot.  
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Fibrinogen   A soluble blood protein which changes to fibrin in clotting.  
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FSH   Follicle stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland.  
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Gametes   Sex cells  
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Gene   A section of DNA which codes for the production of protein.  
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Genotype   The genes present to control a characteristic.  
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Glucagon   Hormone produced by pancreas which causes an increase in blood sugar.  
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Glucose   A simple sugar, the most common energy source used in respiration.  
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Glycogen   An insoluble carbohydrate made from glucose molecules.  
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Haemodialysis   Treatment of blood in dialysis machine.  
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Haemoglobin   Protein and iron compound which carries oxygen.  
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Heterozygous   The person has two different alleles for a characteristic, e.g. Aa  
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Homeostasis   The process by which the body maintains a constant internal environment.  
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Homozygous   The person has two identical alleles for a characteristics, e.g. aa or AA  
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Hormone   A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands.  
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Hypothalamus   Region of brain containing temperature and pressure receptors.  
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Insulin   Hormone produced by pancreas which causes a reduction in blood sugar.  
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Lactic Acid   Chemicals produced in anaerobic respiration.  
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Lens   Focuses light onto the retina.  
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LH   Luteinising hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Stimulates follicle to burst and release the ovum.  
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Ligaments   Strong bands of connective tissue which hold bones together.  
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Lipase   Enzyme which digests lipids.  
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Lipid   Fat based food used for insulation and energy storage.  
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Lymphocyte   White blood cell which produce antibodies.  
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Malnutrition   Too much or too little food or lack of one or more essential nutrients.  
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Meiosis   Cell division which halves the number of chromosomes to make gametes.  
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Metabolism   The chemical reactions which take place in the body.  
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Microvilli   Folds on cells on surface of villi.  
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Mineral   Essential inorganic compounds needed for healthy growth, e.g. sodium chloride.  
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Mitochondria   Cell structures which release energy in aerobic respiration.  
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Mitosis   Cell division which produces two identical cells.  
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Motor Nerves   Nerves which carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors.  
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Mucus   Fluid produced by cells to lubricate body tubes.  
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Mutation   Spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome.  
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Nucleus   Cell structure containing chromosomes and controls cell activity.  
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Oesophagus   The gullet, the pipe which carries food from mouth to stomach.  
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Oestrogen   Hormone produced by ovary which builds up the uterus lining.  
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Organ   A structure made from several tissues with a particular function. E.g. Heart  
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Osmoregulation   Control of water.  
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Osmosis   Net movement of water from a region of high concentration to low water concentration.  
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Osteoporosis   A condition where the bone mass is reduced.  
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Ovulation   Release of egg from the ovary.  
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Pancreas   Gland which produces insulin, glucagon and digestive enzymes.  
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Pathogens   Organisms which cause disease.  
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Peristalsis   Waves of muscle contraction.  
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Phagocyte   White blood cell which engulfs pathogens.  
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Phenotype   The physical appearance of a characteristic.  
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Pituitary   Endocrine gland at base of brain.  
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Placenta   Barrier between blood of mother and fetus which allows materials to diffuse across.  
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Plaque   Sticky layer on teeth containing bacteria.  
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Plasma   The liquid part of the blood.  
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Plasmid   Ring of DNA found in bacteria.  
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Platelets   Cell fragments in blood needed for clotting.  
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Progesterone   Hormone produced by ovary.  
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Protease   Enzyme which digests protein.  
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Protein   Food used for growth and repair.  
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Puberty   The age when the secondary sexual characteristics develop.  
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Radiotherapy   Treatment using radiation.  
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Receptors   Structures which detect stimuli.  
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Recessive   A characteristic which is masked when the dominant allele is present.  
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Recipient   The person who receives blood or organ.  
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Red blood cell   Blood cell containing haemoglobin.  
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Reflex action   An automatic response to a stimulus.  
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Respiration   Release of energy from food.  
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Retina   Contains light sensitive cells.  
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Ribosomes   Cell structures which make protein.  
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Rickets   Condition caused by lack of vitamin D.  
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Saliva   Alkaline fluid containing amylase.  
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Salivary Glands   Glands in cheek and under tongue.  
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Scurvy   Condition caused by lack of vitamin C.  
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Sense organs   Organs which contain receptor cells to detect external stimuli.  
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Sensory nerves   Nerves which carry impulses from receptors to the central nervous system.  
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Sex Linked Gene   The gene is situated on the X chromosome.  
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Solute   A substance that dissolves in water.  
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Sperm   Male sex cell.  
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Sprain   Damage to ligaments.  
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Starvation   Lack of food.  
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Strains   Damage to muscle.  
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Suspensory Ligaments   Small 'strings' which are attached to the eye lens.  
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Synovial fluid   A fluid which lubricates joints and reduces friction.  
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Synovial Joint   Joints which contain synovial fluid and can move easily.  
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System   A group of organs which a shared function. E.g. circulatory system.  
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Tendon   Joins muscle to bone.  
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Testosterone   Hormone produced by testis.  
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Thermoregulation   Control of temperature.  
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Thryoxin   Hormone produced by thyroid gland which controls metabolic rate.  
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Thyroid   Endocrine gland in neck.  
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Tissue   A group of similar cells.  
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Transfusion   Transfer of blood or blood products to a patient.  
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Tumour   An abnormal growth of cells.  
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Urea   Chemical made from excess amino acids found in urine.  
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Urine   Solution of urea, salts and other compounds.  
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Valves   Flaps to prevent backflow in circulation.  
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Vector   A carrier of disease - causing organisms.  
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Veins   Blood vessels which carry blood to the heart.  
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Ventricle   Lower chamber in heart.  
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Villi   Folds on surface of gut lining.  
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Vitamin   Nutrient needed in small quantities for healthy growth.  
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Voluntary action   An action which involves thinking by the brain.  
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White Blood Cell   Blood cell of the immune system.  
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Zygote   The first cell produced when the sperm fertilises the egg.  
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