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8 Science Midterm Re

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Question
Answer
The one variable that is controlled or changed by the experimenter EX: Test the effect of salt on temperature of water freezing   Independent Variable: Salt that is added to a bottle of water  
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The variable that is affected by the independent variable EX: Test the effect of salt on temperature of water freezing   Dependent Variable: the temperature at which the salt water freezes  
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Normal conditions used to compare against the variable conditions in an experiment (no variables) EX: Test the effect of salt on temperature of water freezing   Control: Another bottle of water with no salt in it  
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Conditions that stay the same every time an experiment is conducted EX: Test the effect of salt on temperature of water freezing   Constants: The size and kind of water bottles must be the same  
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An educated guess EX: Test the effect of salt on temperature of water freezing   Hypothesis: If salt is added to water, then the salt will lower the freezing temperature of the water (Based on observations of salt melting ice on sidewalks in winter)  
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Regulates the amount of light into the body tube of a microscope   Diaphragm  
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Moves the body tube of a microscope up and down to focus an image   Coarse Adjustment Knob  
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Moves the body tube of a microscope SLIGHTLY to sharpen an image   Fine Adjustment knob  
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The specimen that is being viewed through a microscope   Field of view  
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To observe a cell under high power, how would you move the slide? Why?   Center it first, then move it to the left. High power MAGNIFIES the image, so you see less area but more detail.  
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What are the three powers of magnification for a microscope that has a 10X eyepiece, and 10X, 20X, and 40X objective lenses?   100x, 200x, and 400x  
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Name three safety measures that should be used when heating a test tube filled with an uknown substance   goggles, lab coat, gloves  
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What is the formula for density?   D = M/V  
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If an object is more dense than the liquid it is sitting in, then the object will float or sink?   sink  
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INGESTION (taking in food & nutrients) + DIGESTION (breaking food down into a useable form for cells)   Nutrition  
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Elimination of cellular wastes such as water, CO2, urea   Excretion  
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Moving materials in and out, or through, an organism (EX. in and out of cells, through the blood stream, etc.)   Transport  
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The sexual or asexual production of offspring; natural process for generating new individuals   Reproduction  
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Releasing energy in food by breaking its chemical bonds   Respiration  
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The ability to respond appropriately to changes in the environment   Regulation  
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An increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures   Growth  
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Combining small molecules to make bigger ones   Synthesis  
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The regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life, a.k.a. Keeping everything in BALANCE.   Homeostasis  
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The sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism   Metabolism  
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When an organism takes in food from its environment   Heterotrophic nutrition  
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When an organism makes its own food, such as photosynthesis   Autotrophic nutrition  
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Name the classification levels of living things from broadest to most specific   Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species  
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What are three characteristics used for classification?   1. Physical characteristics, 2.Genetic similarities, 3. Evolutionary history  
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The classification or scientific name of an organism includes its ______ and ________ .   Genus and species  
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What are the six structures of living things?   Organelles - Cells-Tissues - Organs - Organ systems - organism  
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Name the three parts of Cell Theory   1. All cells come from other cells, 2. All cells perform life functions, 3. All living things are made up of cells  
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Name three differences between a plant and animal cell   1.Plant cell is rectangular, animal is circular 2.Only plant cells have cell walls 3.Only plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis  
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What is the function of the MITOCHONDRIA in cells?   Energy (ATP) is released from food during cellular respiration in the mitochondria.  
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What is the function of the NUCLEUS in cells?   Controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA  
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What is the function of the RIBOSOME in cells?   Where small particles of RNA and protein are assembled to make proteins  
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What is the function of the CHLOROPLAST in plant cells?   Uses sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules in a process called photosynthesis  
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What is the function of the CELL MEMBRANE in cells?   A thin, flexible membrane around the cell that selectively controls what materials can move into or go out of the cell  
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What types of organisms carry out the process of Cell Respiration?   ALL: Plants and animals  
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WHEN do organisms carry out Cell Respiration?   All the time, 24/7  
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What types of organisms carry out the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS?   Just plants (autotrophs)  
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WHEN do plants carry out photosynthesis   When there is sunlight  
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What is the word for movement of molecules into and out of cells?   Transport  
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Which cell structure or organelle allows molecules to move in and out of the cell?   Cell membrane  
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Describe ACTIVE TRANSPORT of molecules   When LARGE molecules use ATP to move from areas of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration, such as diffusion  
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Describe PASSIVE TRANSPORT of molecues   When small molecules move from areas of high to low concentration, such as osmosis. They don't need ATP  
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What type of cells undergo MITOSIS?   ALL tissue cells of the body, for growth and repair  
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What type of cells undergo MEIOSIS?   Sex cells to produce GAMETS  
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How many daughter cells are created in MITOSIS?   2  
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How many daughter cells are created in MEIOSIS?   4  
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Compare parent cells to daughter cells in MITOSIS.   SAME, 46. Each parent has 46 chromosomes which they replicate and give to the daughter cells so they also have 46.  
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Compare parent cells to daughter cells in MEIOSIS.   HALF, 23. The parent cell has 46 chromosomes, but they only give half (23) to their gamets (daughter/sex cells)  
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What are the building blocks of DNA?   NUCLEOTIDE.  
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What are the three parts of a NUCLEOTIDE/building block of DNA?   BASE (ATCG) + SUGAR + PHOSPHATE GROUP  
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What are the base pairing rules of DNA?   A-T and C-G  
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What are the 4 bases that are part of a nucleotide/building block of DNA?   ATCG = Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine  
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What is the structure of DNA?   A double helix  
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What process must always take place before any type of cell division can occur?   Cell replication  
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Name 4 functions of the skeletal system.   1. Gives our bodies their shape, 2. Protects our vital organs, 3. PRODUCES BLOOD CELLS, 4. Allows movement  
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What are the three parts of bone?   1.Compact bone, 2.Spongy bone, 3.Bone marrow  
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What part of bone is hard, white living cells around the outside made of calcium and phosphorus?   Compact bone  
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What part of bone is found at the ends of bones, and is hard but filled with spaces to make them lighter?   Spongy bone  
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What part of bone is soft yellow tissue in the center that produces red blood cells and contains fat?   Bone marrow  
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What is tough but flexible tissue that cushions the ends of bones where they meet at the joints?   Cartilage  
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What is strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bones?   Tendon  
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What is strong connective tissue that attaches bone to bone?   Ligament  
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Which TWO body systems work together to maintain homeostasis?   Nervous system and endocrine system  
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What is an automatic response that occurs very rapidly without your conscious control?   a Reflex  
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Your eye is dry and your eyelid blinks to give the eye some moisture. Reflex or voluntary response to a stimuli?   Reflex - you didn't think about it, your eyelid automatically blinked  
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You see Lebron James wants to pass the basketball to you. You put out your hands to indicate you are ready to catch the ball. Reflex or response to a stimuli?   Response to the stimuli of seeing Lebron getting ready to pass  
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A nerve cell is called a _________   Neuron  
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What is the function of a neuron?   to Carry messages called "impulses" through the nervous system  
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What part of the nervous system interprets messages from the senses, and carries out learning, remembering and making judgements?   Cerebrum  
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for coordination, balance, and coordinates the actions of your muscles?   Cerebellum  
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What part of the nervous system controls the functioning of your internal organs?   Medulla  
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What part of the nervous system controls most of the functions in the body?   Brain  
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What part of the nervous system is made of a thick column of nerve tissue, and it links the brain to most of the nerves running through the body?   Spinal cord  
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