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Ch. 11 Blood

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Question
Answer
The pH of blood is   slightly alkaline  
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What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma?   Albumins  
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Plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce   immunoglobulins  
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The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as   Serum  
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Which plasma components are used for ATP production, growth, and cellular maintenance?   Organic Nutrients  
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A microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells?(RBC)   5 Million  
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primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development? (RBC)   Liver and spleen  
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Reticulocytes complete maturation & become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs about ________ after entering the circulation.   24 hours  
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A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2). (RBC)   4  
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Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the   Skull and Clavicles  
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Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones   scapulae and ribs.vertebrae and sternum. pelvis and proximal limb bones  
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________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response. (Blood types)   Antigens  
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The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called   Agglutinogens  
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"universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies?   Type AB  
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"Universal Donor"   Type 0  
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What leukocytes are granulocytes?(WBC)   Neutrophils  
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What leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses?   Lymphocytes (most abundant WBC)  
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Individual platelets circulate for how long before being removed by phagocytes?   9 to 12 days  
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Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes by?   inactive proenzymes  
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pathways is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot, making it larger and more effective (stable)?   Intrinsic pathway  
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makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels?   Clot retraction  
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How long after an injury occurs do platelets begin to attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers?   With in 15 seconds  
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Regarding leukocyte formation, which of the following cells are the immediate precursors to each of the mature granulocytes?   Band Cells  
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Cardiovascular System   Provides a system for rapid transport within the body  
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Cardiovascular System   pump (the heart) conducting system (blood vessels) fluid medium (blood):  
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Blood functions include   Transport of dissolved substances Regulation of pH and ions Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites Defense against toxins and pathogens Stabilization of body temperature  
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Plasma or   Liquid Component  
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Formed elements (cellular components) are   RBC, WBC , and Platelets  
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Blood 3 general Characteristics   38*C (100.4*F) , High Viscosity, Slightly Alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)  
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Plasma makes up   55% Whole Blood  
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Plasma proteins three classes   Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen  
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Extracellular fluids are   Interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma  
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Plasma Albumins (60%)   Transport: fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones  
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Plasma Globulins (35%)   Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins; transport Globulins  
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Clotting Factors (4%)   Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin  
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Plasma Proteins are   Enzymes  
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Origins of Plasma Proteins   Liver  
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Plasma resembles interstitial fluid but   unique mixture of proteins not found in other extracellular fluids.  
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half the volume of whole blood consists of   cells and cell products (the formed elements)  
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Hemopoiesis   cellular pathways by which the formed elements are produced.  
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Stem cells   Cells that divide and mature to produce all three classes of formed elements.  
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Erythrocytes or RBCs Make up about   45% of whole blood volume  
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Erythrocytes or RBCs make up what % formed Element   99.9%  
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The red pigment that gives whole blood its color   Hemoglobin  
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Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide   Hemoglobin  
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the number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood   Red blood cell count  
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Hematocrit is   packed cell volume, PCV  
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percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood   Hematocrit  
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RBC are Biconcave discs they?   Bend and flex entering small capillaries (RBC)  
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RBCs transports   O2 and CO2  
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RBC Lack   nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes  
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Live about 120 days   RBC  
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Protein molecule that carries respiratory gases; 95% of RBC protein are   Hemoglobin (Hgb)  
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Hemoglobin Structure is   Complex quaternary structure (Four globular protein subunits)  
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Hemoglobin Four globular protein subunits   Each one molecule of heme and Each heme contains one iron atom (Fe)  
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Iron atoms Associate   easily with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin)  
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Iron atoms Dissociate   easily from oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)  
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Macrophages from the?   liver, spleen, and bone marrow & Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze)  
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Hemoglobin Recycling is   Phagocytes break hemoglobin , Hemoglobinuria,Hematuria  
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Phagocytes break hemoglobin into what components   Globular proteins to amino acids. Heme to biliverdin and bilirubin. Iron  
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Hemoglobinuria   Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine  
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Hematuria   Whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage  
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RBC Production Erythropoiesis: Occurs only in   myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults &Stem cells mature to RBC ;  
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Hemocytoblasts in Stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce:   Myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, some WBCs Lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes  
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Regulation of Erythropoiesis (RBC) requires:   Amino acids, Iron, Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid (B4)  
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Erythropoietin (EPO) or   erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone  
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Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted   oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia) Due to disease or high altitude  
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Blood Type : Antigens are called   A, B, and Rh (or D)  
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Blood Type: Antibodies in plasma react   with foreign antigens on RBCs RBCs clump and break open  
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Blood Type Determined by presence or absence of   antigens on surface of RBC  
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Blood types   A, B , AB , O  
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Blood antigens for A   A(antibody B)  
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Blood Antigen for B   B (antibody A)  
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Blood Antigen for AB   AB (antibody None)  
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Blood Antigen for O   O (antibody A&B)  
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Either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-) is   Rh Factor Also called D antigen  
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White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes   Defend the body against Pathogens. Toxins. Abnormal cells. Damaged cells  
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Most WBCs or leukocytes in   Connective tissue proper  
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WBC or Leukocytes Perform diapedesis   Push between endothelial cells to enter tissues  
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WBC or leukocytes Exhibit chemotaxis   Attracted by chemicals released by bacteria or injured cells  
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WBC Consist of two groups:   Granulocytes (cytoplasmic granules), Agranulocytes (no granules)  
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(WBC) Three Types of Granulocytes   Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils  
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(WBC Granulocytes) Neutrophils are   50-70% of circulating WBCs (Phagocytic)  
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(WBC) Two Types of Agranulocytes   Lymphocytes & Monocytes  
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(WBC Agranulocytes) lymphocytes are about   20-30% of circulating WBCs. lymphatic system,Provide specific defenses: Attack foreign cells, Produce antibodies Destroy abnormal (cancer) cells  
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(WBC Agranulocytes) Monocytes Migrate into tissues become macrophages   Engulf large particles and pathogens. Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured area  
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Formed Element Platelets Released from   megakaryocytes in bone marrow into the blood  
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Formed Element Platelets are Cell fragments involved in   cessation of blood loss & Essential for hemostasis  
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Hemostasis cessation of bleeding in three phases are   Vascular, Platelet, Coagulation  
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Hemostasis Vascular phase is   Contraction of injured vessel (cut)  
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hemostasis Platelet phase is   Platelets stick to damaged wall and each other  
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hemostasis Coagulation phase is   Clotting factors in plasma form blood clot (thrombus) Starts 30 sec. or more after cut  
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hemostasis Coagulation pathways are   Extrinsic pathway (tissue Factor) & Intrinsic pathway (platelet Factor , Slow)  
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hemostasis Ex. & In. pathways lead to common pathway   (factor x) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin  
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Hemostasis Fibrinolysis   Slow process of dissolving clot : Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): Convert plasminogen to plasmin: Digests fibrin strands  
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(WBCGranulocytes ) Eosinophils are   2-4% of circulating WBCs, Phagocytic, Parasites and allergies  
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( WBC Granulocytes ) Basophils are   < 1% of circulating WBCs, Release histamine and heparin  
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Production of WBCs in Bone Marrow Myeloid stem cells produce?   Granulocytes (three types) & Monocytes (future macrophages)  
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Production of WBCs in Bone Marrow Lymphoid stem cells Produce?   lymphocytes & Process called, lymphopoiesis Lymphocytes enter blood &Migrate to lymphoid tissues  
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Regulation of WBC Maturation Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are?   Hormones which regulate certain WBC populations Four CSFs. CSFs target stem cells. Several CSFs used with cancer patients with bone marrow suppression  
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Formed Elements Platelet counts   Thrombocytopenia: Abnormally low platelet count Thrombocytosis: Abnormally high platelet count  
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