AP Rhetorical Terms
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Allegory | Narrative form in which characters and actions have meanings outside themselves; characters are usually personifications of abstract qualities.
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Allusion | Figure of speech that makes a brief and casual reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object to create a resonance in the reader or to apply symbolic meaning.
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Ambiguity | Use of language in which multiple meanings are possible.
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Anachronism | Use of historically inaccurate details in a text.
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Analogy | Comparison of two things that are alike in some respects. Metaphors and similies are two types.
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Analysis | The process in writing wherein one examines what the writer has done to create the effects she or he has gotten in a piece of writing.
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Appeals to... : | Rhetorical arguements in which the speaker appeals to authority, emotion, or logic.
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Assonance | Repition of identical or similiar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words.
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Catharsis | Purification or cleansing of the spirit of the viewer or reader through the emotions of pity and terror as a witness to tragedy.
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Cliche | A commonplace expression that reveals the writers lack of imagination to use fresher, more vivid language.
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Climactic | The arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing importance.
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Colloquial/Colloquialism | Ordinary language, vernacular.
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Consonance | The repetition of two or more consanants with a change in intervening vowels.
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Deductive | The reasoning process by which a conclusion is drawn from a set of premises and contains no more facts than these premises.
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Deus Ex Machina | As in Greek theater, use of an artifical device or contrived solution to solve a difficult situation, usually introduced suddenly and unexpectedly.
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Devices | A particular word pattern or combination of words used in a literary work to evoke a desired effect or arouse a desired reaction in a reader.
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Ellipsis | Deleberate omission of a word or words which are implied by the context. Also name of (...).
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Epigraph | Quote set at the beginning of a literary work or at it's divisions to set a tone or suggest a theme.
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Epitaph | A piece of writing in praise of a deceased person.
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Ethos | Appeal to moral elements of right and wrong, ethics.
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Expletive | A single word or short phrase intended to emphasize surrounding words.
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Explication | Interpretation or analysis of facts.
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Genre | The major catogory in which a literary work fits. Include prose, poetry, and drama.
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Homily | A serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice, a 'sermon'.
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Hyperbole | Overstatement characterized by exaggerated language.
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Inductive | Conclusion or type of reasoning whereby observation or information about a part of a class is applied to the class as a whole.
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Inference | The process of arriving at a conclusion from a hint, implication, or suggestion.
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Juxtaposition | Placing of two items side by side to create a certain effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.
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Logical Fallacies | Errors in reasoning that occur in arguements.
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Logos | Use or appeal to reason to determine a characters actions or persuade to an argument.
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Metaphor | Implicit comparison or identifaction of one thing with another unlike itself without the use of a verbal signal such as like or as.
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Nostalgia | Desire to return in thought or fact to a former time.
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Oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements, as in 'jumbo shrimp'.
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Paradox | A statement that seems contradictory, but is actually true.
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Paraphrase | Putting someone else's ideas into your own words.
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Parenthesis | Inversion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentences. ( ) symbols.
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Parallelism | Recurrent syntactical similiarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed alike to show that the ideas in parts or sentences equal in importance.
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Parody | A satirical imitation of a work of art for purpose of ridiculing its style or subject.
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Pathos | The use of or appeal to emotional or sentimental elements to describe a character's actions or persuade to an argument.
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Persona | The voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author.
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Personification | Treating nonhuman objects as if they were a person by giving it human qualities.
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Perspective | A character's view of a situation or events in a story.
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Propaganda | Information or rumor deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, or institution.
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Realism | Literary practice of attempting to describe life and nature without idealization and with attention to detail.
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Reflective | A piece of writing that gives considered thought to something.
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Repetition | Repeating or repeated action.
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Retrospection | Looking back on things past.
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Rhetoric | The art of using language effectively to serve the writer's purpose, orignially referred to speech-making. It now encompases composition, and is divided into exposition, narration, description, and arguementation.
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Rhetorical device | Particular use of word patterns and styles to clarify, make associations, and focues the writing in a piece of literature.
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Rhetorical question | Asking a question for the purpose of eliciting an answer but not for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely. A question not meant to be answered verbally.
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Sarcasm | A sharp caustic remark. A form of verbal irony that is harshly critical.
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Satire | Humorous, witty criticism of people's foolish, thoughtless, or evil behaviour.
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Speaker | The person- not necessarily the author- who is the voice of the poem or story.
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Symbolism | A person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents something else.
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Syntax | The way words are put together to form phrases, cluases, and sentences.
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Tone | The attitude a literary work takes towards its subject and theme. Reflects author's attitude.
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Transition | Writer's ability to move the reader smoothly along the course of ideas.
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Understatement | Deliberate expression of an idea or event as less important that it actually is or was.
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Wit | In modern usage, intellectualy amusing language that surprises or delights.
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Eulogy | A speech or writing in praise of a person or thing; an oration in honor of a deceased person.
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Euphemism | Subsitituion of a milder or less direct expression for one that is harsh or blunt.
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