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Chapter 6 Veterinary Technician Terminology "Gut Instincts"

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Term
Definition
digestive system, alimentary system, gastrointestinal system, and GI system   terms used to describe the body system that is a long, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus  
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aliment/o   the combining form for nourishment  
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oral cavity   lips and cheeks, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium  
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or/o and stomat/o   the combining forms for mouth  
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gnath/o   the combining form for jaw  
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prognathia   an elongated mandible, or mandible that is overshot  
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brachygnathia   a shortened mandible, or a mandible that is undershot  
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labia   the medical term for lips  
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labium   a single lip  
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cheil/o and labi/o   the combining forms for lips  
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bucc/o   the combining for cheek  
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buccal   pertaining to or directed toward the cheek  
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palate   forms the roof of the mouth  
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hard palate   forms the bony rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane  
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rugae   specialized mucous membrane contains irregular folds  
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rug/o   the combining form for wrinkle or fold  
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soft palate   forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate; involved in closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move into the nostrils  
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palat/o   the combining form for palate  
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tongue   a movable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming and articulating sound.  
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papiilae   elevations  
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filiform   threadlike papillae  
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fungiform   mushroomlike papillae  
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vallate   cup-shaped papillae  
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frenulum   a band of connective tissue connected to the ventral surface of the oral cavity  
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gloss/o and lingu/o   the combining forms for tongue  
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lingual   pertaining to the tongue  
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dent/o dent/i and odont/o   the combining forms for teeth  
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dentition   the teeth as a whole; the teeth arranged in the maxillary (upper) and the mandibular (lower) arcades  
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deciduous dentition   the temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity; also known as "primary dentition"  
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decidu/o   the combining form for shedding  
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permanent dentition   the set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal  
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retained deciduous tooth   the deciduous tooth that has not been shed  
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incisor   front tooth used for cutting; an incision is a cut ; abbreviated " I "  
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canine   long, pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars; also called "fang" and "cuspid"; abv. " C "  
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cuspid   having one point; long pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars; abv. " C "  
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premolar   cheek tooth found between the canine teeth and molars; also called "bicuspids"; abv. " P "  
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molar   most caudally located permanent cheek tooth used for grinding; abv. " M "  
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dental formula   represents the type of tooth and the number of each tooth type found in that species  
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enamel   hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth  
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cementum   bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth  
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dentin   connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp  
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pulp   consists of nerves, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue  
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apical foramen   the hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth  
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periodontia   structures that support the teeth  
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alveoli   sockets or saclike dilations that teeth are situated in  
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alveolar bone   thin layer of compact bone that forms the tooth socket  
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periodontal ligament   fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus  
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gingiva   mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the lining of the mouth  
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gingiv/o   the combining form for gums  
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gingival sulcus   space that surrounds the tooth  
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salivary glands   a group of cells located in the oral cavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes  
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saliva   moistens food, begins the digestive process by aiding in bolus formation and some digestive enzyme activity, and cleanses the mouth  
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mandibular salivary glands   salivary glands found near the mandible  
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sublingual salivary glands   salivary glands found under the tongue  
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zygomatic salivary glands   salivary glands found medial to the zygomatic arch  
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paratoid salivary glands   salivary glands found near the ear  
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para-   prefix meaning near  
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ot/o   the combining for ear  
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sialaden/o and sial/o   the combining forms for saliva and salivary glands  
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pharynx   cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems; also known "throat"  
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pharyng/o   the combining form for pharynx  
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esophagus   a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach; also known as "gullet"  
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esophag/o   the combining for esophagus  
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sphincter   a ringlike muscle that constricts an opening  
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abdomen   cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvis  
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abdomin/o and ceil/o   the combining forms for abdomen  
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lapar/o   the combining forms for the abdomen and flank  
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peritoneum   the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities  
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parietal peritoneum   the layer of the peritoneum that covers the wall of the abdomen and pelvis  
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visceral peritoneum   the layer of the peritoneum that covers the organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities  
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lesser omentum   a fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to other visceral organs  
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greater omentum   a fold of peritoneum that connect the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall  
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gastr/o   the combining form for stomach  
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monogastric   is a classification of animals that have one true stomach  
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ruminant   is a classification of animals that have one glandular stomach as well as 3 forestomachs (the rumen, recticulum, and omasum)  
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glandular stomach   produces secretions for digestion  
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cardia   entrance area located nearest the esophagus  
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fundus   base of an organ, which is the cranial, rounded part  
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body   main portion of an organ,which is the rounded base or bottom; also called the "corpus"  
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antrum   caudal part, which is the constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus  
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pylorus   narrow passage between the stomach and the duodenum  
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pylor/o   the combining form that means gatekeeper  
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pyloric sphincter   the muscle ring that controls the flow material from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine  
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intestinal flora   normal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract  
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cud   regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid, and rumen microorganisms  
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rumen   largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat; also called the "paunch"  
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reticulum   most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach; also called the "honeycomb"  
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omasum   third compartment of the ruminant stomach  
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abomasum   fourth compartment of the ruminant stomach;also called the "true stomach"  
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mesentary   a fold of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall  
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enter/o   the combining form for small intestine  
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gastroenterology   the study of the stomach and small intestine  
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duodenum   proximal or first portion of the small intestine  
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dueden/i and duoden/o   the combining forms for duodenum  
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jejunum   middle portion of the small intestine  
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jejun/o   the combining form for jejunum  
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ileum   distal or last portion of the small intestine; also known as "aboral"  
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ile/o   the combining form for ileum  
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cecum   a pouch that food enters from the ileum  
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cec/o   the combining form for cecum  
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colon   continues from the cecum to its termination at the rectum  
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col/o   the combining form colon  
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haustra   sacculations of the colon and cecum  
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teniae   longitudinal smooth muscle bands  
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rectum   caudal portion of the large intestine  
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rect/o   the combining form for rectum  
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anus   the caudal opening of the GI tract  
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an/o   the combining form for anus  
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anorectal   term that means pertaining to the anus and rectum  
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proct/o   the combining for the anus and rectum  
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anal sacs   a pair of pouches in the skin between the internal and external anal sphincters  
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liver   located caudal to the diaphragm  
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hepat/o   the combining form for liver  
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hypoglycemia   a condition when blood sugar is low  
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hepatocytes   liver cells  
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sinusoids   channels  
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parenchyma   the functional elements of a tissue or organ  
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biliary   pertaining to the bile  
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emulsification   fat digestion  
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bilirubin   a pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin that is released by the liver in bile.  
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gallbladder   a sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use  
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cyst/o   the combining form for cyst, sac of fluid, urinary bladder  
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chol/e   the combining form for bile or gallbladder  
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doch/o   the combining form that means receptable  
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cholecystic   pertaining to the gallbladder  
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choledochus   common bile duct  
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pancreas   an elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum  
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pancreat/o   the combining form for pancreas  
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trypsin   an enzyme that digests protein  
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lipase   an enzyme that digests fat  
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amylase   enzyme that digests carbohydrates  
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digestion   process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use  
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enzymes   substances that chemically change another substance  
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-ase   suffix of enzymes  
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metabolism   the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients  
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anabolism   the building of body cells and substances  
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meta-   prefix that means change or beyond  
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catabolism   breaking down of body cells and substances  
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absorption   process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system; also known as "assimulation"  
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nutrient   a substance that is necessary for normal functioning of the body  
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villi   tiny hairlike projections  
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villus   a single projection  
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vill/i   the combining form for tufts of hair  
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crypts   valley or blind sacs  
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prehension   grasping of food, involves collecting food in the oral cavity  
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mastication   breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the ingesta with saliva  
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deglutition   moves chewed ingesta into the pharynx and into the esophagus  
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peristalsis   series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscles  
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-stalsis   suffix that means contraction  
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chyme   semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach  
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segmentation   mixes and delays movement of ingesta  
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defecation   emptying of the bowels  
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ballottement   diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall  
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barium   contrast material used for radiographic studies  
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barium swallow   oral barium given to evaluate the GI tract  
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barium enema   rectal barium given to evaluate the GI tract  
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enema   introduction of fluid into the rectum  
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biopsy   removal of tissue to examine  
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blood tests   determination of blood parameters used to detect some diseases of the GI tract  
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preprandial   before a meal  
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postprandial   after a meal  
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colonoscopy   endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the colon  
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endoscope   tubelike instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally  
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esophagoscopy   endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the esophagus  
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fecal examinations   various procedures used to detect parasitic diseases on animals  
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gastroscopy   endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the stomach  
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hemooccult   test for "hidden" blood in the stool  
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radiography   imaging of internal structures is created by the exposure of sensitized film to X-rays  
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ultrasound   imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves  
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achalasia   inability to relax the smooth muscle of the GI tract  
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adontia   absence of teeth  
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aerophagia   "swallowing" of air  
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anal sacculitis   inflammation of the pouches located around the anus  
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inspissation   process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation and is used to describe the anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis  
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anorexia   lack or loss of appetite  
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ascariasis   parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris  
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ascites   abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen  
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atresia   occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ  
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bloat   accumulation of gas in the digestive tract  
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borborygmus   gas movement in the GI tract that produces a rumbling noise  
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bruxism   involuntary grinding of the teeth  
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cachexia   general ill health and malnutrition;  
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cholecystitis   inflammation of the gallbladder  
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cirrhosis   degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver  
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cirrh/o   tawny, orange yellow, which is the color of cirrhotic livers  
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colic   severe abdominal pain  
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colitis   inflammation of the colon  
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constipation   condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard,dry, and difficult to pass  
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coprophagia   ingestion of fecal material  
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copr/o   the combining form for feces  
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coprophagic therapy   feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from a healthy animal to an ill animal, is used in some animal species such as guinea pigs and rabbits to treat GI disease  
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cribbing   vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied, and air is inhaled  
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dehydration   condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid  
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dental calculus   abnormal mineralized deposit that forms  
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dental caries   decalcification of teeth, producing a hole in thetooth  
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diarrhea   abnormal frequency and fecal material  
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displaced abomasum   disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach compartment becomes trapped under the rumen; also called "DA"  
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diveticulitis   inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ  
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diverticulum   a pouch occurring on the wall of a tubular organ; diverticula are pouches occurring on the wall of a tubular organ  
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dyschezia   difficulty defecating; Chezein is Greek for stool  
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dysentery   number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea  
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dysphagia   difficulty swallowing or eating  
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emaciation   marked wasting or excessive leanness  
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emesis   forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth  
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