Chapter 6 Veterinary Technician Terminology "Gut Instincts"
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digestive system, alimentary system, gastrointestinal system, and GI system | terms used to describe the body system that is a long, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus
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aliment/o | the combining form for nourishment
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oral cavity | lips and cheeks, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium
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or/o and stomat/o | the combining forms for mouth
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gnath/o | the combining form for jaw
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prognathia | an elongated mandible, or mandible that is overshot
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brachygnathia | a shortened mandible, or a mandible that is undershot
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labia | the medical term for lips
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labium | a single lip
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cheil/o and labi/o | the combining forms for lips
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bucc/o | the combining for cheek
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buccal | pertaining to or directed toward the cheek
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palate | forms the roof of the mouth
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hard palate | forms the bony rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane
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rugae | specialized mucous membrane contains irregular folds
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rug/o | the combining form for wrinkle or fold
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soft palate | forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate; involved in closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move into the nostrils
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palat/o | the combining form for palate
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tongue | a movable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming and articulating sound.
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papiilae | elevations
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filiform | threadlike papillae
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fungiform | mushroomlike papillae
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vallate | cup-shaped papillae
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frenulum | a band of connective tissue connected to the ventral surface of the oral cavity
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gloss/o and lingu/o | the combining forms for tongue
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lingual | pertaining to the tongue
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dent/o dent/i and odont/o | the combining forms for teeth
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dentition | the teeth as a whole; the teeth arranged in the maxillary (upper) and the mandibular (lower) arcades
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deciduous dentition | the temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity; also known as "primary dentition"
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decidu/o | the combining form for shedding
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permanent dentition | the set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal
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retained deciduous tooth | the deciduous tooth that has not been shed
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incisor | front tooth used for cutting; an incision is a cut ; abbreviated " I "
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canine | long, pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars; also called "fang" and "cuspid"; abv. " C "
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cuspid | having one point; long pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars; abv. " C "
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premolar | cheek tooth found between the canine teeth and molars; also called "bicuspids"; abv. " P "
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molar | most caudally located permanent cheek tooth used for grinding; abv. " M "
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dental formula | represents the type of tooth and the number of each tooth type found in that species
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enamel | hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth
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cementum | bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth
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dentin | connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp
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pulp | consists of nerves, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue
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apical foramen | the hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth
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periodontia | structures that support the teeth
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alveoli | sockets or saclike dilations that teeth are situated in
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alveolar bone | thin layer of compact bone that forms the tooth socket
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periodontal ligament | fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus
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gingiva | mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the lining of the mouth
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gingiv/o | the combining form for gums
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gingival sulcus | space that surrounds the tooth
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salivary glands | a group of cells located in the oral cavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes
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saliva | moistens food, begins the digestive process by aiding in bolus formation and some digestive enzyme activity, and cleanses the mouth
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mandibular salivary glands | salivary glands found near the mandible
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sublingual salivary glands | salivary glands found under the tongue
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zygomatic salivary glands | salivary glands found medial to the zygomatic arch
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paratoid salivary glands | salivary glands found near the ear
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para- | prefix meaning near
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ot/o | the combining for ear
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sialaden/o and sial/o | the combining forms for saliva and salivary glands
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pharynx | cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems; also known "throat"
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pharyng/o | the combining form for pharynx
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esophagus | a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach; also known as "gullet"
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esophag/o | the combining for esophagus
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sphincter | a ringlike muscle that constricts an opening
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abdomen | cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvis
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abdomin/o and ceil/o | the combining forms for abdomen
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lapar/o | the combining forms for the abdomen and flank
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peritoneum | the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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parietal peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that covers the wall of the abdomen and pelvis
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visceral peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that covers the organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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lesser omentum | a fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to other visceral organs
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greater omentum | a fold of peritoneum that connect the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall
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gastr/o | the combining form for stomach
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monogastric | is a classification of animals that have one true stomach
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ruminant | is a classification of animals that have one glandular stomach as well as 3 forestomachs (the rumen, recticulum, and omasum)
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glandular stomach | produces secretions for digestion
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cardia | entrance area located nearest the esophagus
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fundus | base of an organ, which is the cranial, rounded part
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body | main portion of an organ,which is the rounded base or bottom; also called the "corpus"
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antrum | caudal part, which is the constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus
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pylorus | narrow passage between the stomach and the duodenum
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pylor/o | the combining form that means gatekeeper
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pyloric sphincter | the muscle ring that controls the flow material from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
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intestinal flora | normal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract
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cud | regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid, and rumen microorganisms
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rumen | largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat; also called the "paunch"
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reticulum | most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach; also called the "honeycomb"
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omasum | third compartment of the ruminant stomach
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abomasum | fourth compartment of the ruminant stomach;also called the "true stomach"
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mesentary | a fold of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall
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enter/o | the combining form for small intestine
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gastroenterology | the study of the stomach and small intestine
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duodenum | proximal or first portion of the small intestine
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dueden/i and duoden/o | the combining forms for duodenum
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jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine
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jejun/o | the combining form for jejunum
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ileum | distal or last portion of the small intestine; also known as "aboral"
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ile/o | the combining form for ileum
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cecum | a pouch that food enters from the ileum
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cec/o | the combining form for cecum
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colon | continues from the cecum to its termination at the rectum
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col/o | the combining form colon
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haustra | sacculations of the colon and cecum
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teniae | longitudinal smooth muscle bands
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rectum | caudal portion of the large intestine
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rect/o | the combining form for rectum
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anus | the caudal opening of the GI tract
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an/o | the combining form for anus
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anorectal | term that means pertaining to the anus and rectum
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proct/o | the combining for the anus and rectum
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anal sacs | a pair of pouches in the skin between the internal and external anal sphincters
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liver | located caudal to the diaphragm
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hepat/o | the combining form for liver
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hypoglycemia | a condition when blood sugar is low
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hepatocytes | liver cells
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sinusoids | channels
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parenchyma | the functional elements of a tissue or organ
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biliary | pertaining to the bile
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emulsification | fat digestion
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bilirubin | a pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin that is released by the liver in bile.
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gallbladder | a sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use
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cyst/o | the combining form for cyst, sac of fluid, urinary bladder
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chol/e | the combining form for bile or gallbladder
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doch/o | the combining form that means receptable
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cholecystic | pertaining to the gallbladder
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choledochus | common bile duct
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pancreas | an elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum
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pancreat/o | the combining form for pancreas
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trypsin | an enzyme that digests protein
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lipase | an enzyme that digests fat
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amylase | enzyme that digests carbohydrates
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digestion | process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use
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enzymes | substances that chemically change another substance
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-ase | suffix of enzymes
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metabolism | the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
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anabolism | the building of body cells and substances
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meta- | prefix that means change or beyond
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catabolism | breaking down of body cells and substances
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absorption | process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system; also known as "assimulation"
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nutrient | a substance that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
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villi | tiny hairlike projections
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villus | a single projection
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vill/i | the combining form for tufts of hair
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crypts | valley or blind sacs
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prehension | grasping of food, involves collecting food in the oral cavity
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mastication | breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the ingesta with saliva
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deglutition | moves chewed ingesta into the pharynx and into the esophagus
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peristalsis | series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscles
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-stalsis | suffix that means contraction
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chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach
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segmentation | mixes and delays movement of ingesta
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defecation | emptying of the bowels
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ballottement | diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall
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barium | contrast material used for radiographic studies
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barium swallow | oral barium given to evaluate the GI tract
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barium enema | rectal barium given to evaluate the GI tract
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enema | introduction of fluid into the rectum
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biopsy | removal of tissue to examine
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blood tests | determination of blood parameters used to detect some diseases of the GI tract
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preprandial | before a meal
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postprandial | after a meal
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colonoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the colon
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endoscope | tubelike instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally
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esophagoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the esophagus
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fecal examinations | various procedures used to detect parasitic diseases on animals
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gastroscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the stomach
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hemooccult | test for "hidden" blood in the stool
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radiography | imaging of internal structures is created by the exposure of sensitized film to X-rays
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ultrasound | imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves
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achalasia | inability to relax the smooth muscle of the GI tract
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adontia | absence of teeth
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aerophagia | "swallowing" of air
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anal sacculitis | inflammation of the pouches located around the anus
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inspissation | process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation and is used to describe the anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis
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anorexia | lack or loss of appetite
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ascariasis | parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris
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ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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atresia | occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ
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bloat | accumulation of gas in the digestive tract
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borborygmus | gas movement in the GI tract that produces a rumbling noise
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bruxism | involuntary grinding of the teeth
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cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition;
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cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder
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cirrhosis | degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver
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cirrh/o | tawny, orange yellow, which is the color of cirrhotic livers
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colic | severe abdominal pain
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colitis | inflammation of the colon
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constipation | condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard,dry, and difficult to pass
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coprophagia | ingestion of fecal material
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copr/o | the combining form for feces
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coprophagic therapy | feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from a healthy animal to an ill animal, is used in some animal species such as guinea pigs and rabbits to treat GI disease
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cribbing | vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied, and air is inhaled
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dehydration | condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid
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dental calculus | abnormal mineralized deposit that forms
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dental caries | decalcification of teeth, producing a hole in thetooth
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diarrhea | abnormal frequency and fecal material
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displaced abomasum | disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach compartment becomes trapped under the rumen; also called "DA"
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diveticulitis | inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ
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diverticulum | a pouch occurring on the wall of a tubular organ; diverticula are pouches occurring on the wall of a tubular organ
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dyschezia | difficulty defecating; Chezein is Greek for stool
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dysentery | number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
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dysphagia | difficulty swallowing or eating
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emaciation | marked wasting or excessive leanness
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emesis | forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth
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