Immunohematology 1- Chapter 1-6
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Refactoriness is: | Unresponsiveness to platelet transfusions owing to HLA-specific or platelet specific antibodies
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Antibodies with specificities other than self: | Alloantibodies
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Which antibody class is most effective at activating complement? | IgM
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All of the following are differences between IgG and IgM class antibodies: | ability to cross the placenta, optimum reaction temperature, and size
The same: cause intravascular red cell destruction
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The secondary immune response usually occurs within: | 5-7 days
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What portion of the antibody molecule binds to receptors on macrophages and assists in the removal of antibody bound to red cells? | Fab fragment
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Which antibody class can cross the placenta and cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn and Fetus? | IgG
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What is responsible for the activation of the classic pathway of complement? | Antibody bound to antigen
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The attachment of an antibody to a single antigen is termed: | Sensitization
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What is the potential effect in a tube agglutination test if a red cell suspension with a concentration greater than 5% is used? | False Negative
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Estimated parentage of donors that would be incompatible with a transplant patient: | CPRA
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After adding antigen and antibody to a test tube, one large agglutinate was observed. How should this reaction be graded? | 4+
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What would increase the strength of a weak IgM antibody reaction? | Cool the test to 5 degrees C
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The Fab portion of the IgG antibody: | Is similar for all IgG antibodies, is the binding site for the antigen-antibody reaction, and is capable of binding 10 separate antigens ( does all of these)
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What is the strongest binding force between an antibody and an antigen? | Ionic bonding
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After adding antigen and antibody to a test tube, centrifugation, and then gently shaking the tube, the cells all disperse back into the solution. How should this reaction be graded? | 0
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When the concentration of antibody exceeds the concentration of antigen, antibody excess: | Prozone
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One difference between the primary and secondary immune response is: | The secondary response produces a greater total number of antibodies
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Select the cell that produces antibodies: | Plasma cells
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An antigen capable of producing an immune response is call an: | Immunogen
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Referring to a reaction within the body: | In vivo
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Hemagglutination can be enhanced by increasing: | The incubation time
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Tech places test tubes in centrifuge, presses start button & walks away. It is unplugged & doesn't spin, doesn't notice. Tech returns 15 mins later, takes out the tubes & shakes them down. What is the possible consequences of the centrifuge not working? | False negative reaction
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An antigen is: | A molecule, often on the surface of a cell, binds to and antibody or T-cell receptor
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What cells expresses HLA class II antigens? | B cells
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The term that describes the unique part of the antigen that is recognized by a corresponding antibody: | Epitope
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______ molecules are usually not good immunogenic substances. | Lipid
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The chemical composition of an antibody is: | Glycoprotein
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In a hemagglutination test, the antigen is: | On the red cell membrane
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Molecules that bind to an antigen to increase phagocytosis are: | Opsonins
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An epitope is also termed an: | Antigenic determinant
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Agglutination reactions characterized by many small agglutinates in a background of free cells would be graded in tube testing as: | 1+
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What is the genotype of a type O person? | OO
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Potentiators are used in antiglobulin testing to: | Increase the strength of agglutination
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An amorph is a gene which is: | Silent
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The term used when two of the same forms of a gene are inherited from each parent is: | Homozygous
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A reagent is considered potent if: | It reacts strongly
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What step comes first in the indirect antiglobulin test? | Incubate the test tube at 37 degree C for 15 minutes
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Testing in the immunohematology lab uses the interaction of what two things? | Antibody and antigen
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Monospecific AHG reagents: | Contain either anti-IgG or anti-C3d antibody specificities
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If the parents of a child are type B and type AB, what blood types could not be found among their children? | O
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The ABO type of reagent cells used for antibody screens and panels should be: | O
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Routine antigen testing determines: | Phenotype
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The different genetic possibilities at a single loci are called: | Polymorphisms
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ABO/Rh typing usually uses which test methodology? | Immediate spin
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What is the possible adverse consequence of shaking the tubes too hard during testing? | False negative reactions
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What is neutralization in antiglobulin testing? | Failure to wash away the unbound antibodies
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What is a source of antigen? | Patient red cells
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When an individual is said to be group A, it refers to the individual's: | Phenotype
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Which of the children below could be the offspring of parents with the following phenotypical expressions: O Positive, CcEkMSs A Positive, CEKkMNS | O Positive, CcEKMNS
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An antibody that reacts more strongly with a homozygous expression of an antigen than with a heterozygous expression is said to be showing: | Dosage
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What color is anti-A: | Blue
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In antibody identification, dosage refers to: | The number of antibodies present in the patient sample
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Most blood group antigens are expressed by genes that are: | Codominant
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In antiglobulin testing, sensitization refers to: | The initial binding of an antibody to an antigen
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What is a blood group system? | ABO
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Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are less likely to: | Cross over
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To determine the specificity of a red cell antigen in a patient sample, what source of antibody is selected? | Commercial antisera
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To determine the presence of a red cell antibody in a patient sample, what source of antigen is selected? | Commercial reagent red cells
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What reagents are derived from plant extracts? | Lectins
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What describes the expression of most blood group inheritance? | Codominant
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In relationship testing, a "direct exclusion" is established when a genetic marker is: | Present in the child but absent in both the mother and the alleged father
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The term used when two of the same alleles of a gene are inherited from each parent is: | Homozygous
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Alternate forms of a gene at given genetic loci are called: | Alleles
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The technique that uses a small amount of DNA and amplifies it for identification is called: | PCR
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The phosphate, sugar, and base that constitute DNA and RNA are called: | Nucleotides
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Genes located close together on the same chromosome are more likely to: | Be inherited as a haplotype
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A gene inherited in a cis position to another gene is: | On the same chromosome
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Using known sources of reagent antigen to detect ABO antibodies in a patient's plasma is known as: | Reverse grouping
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What is the ABO interpretation for the following results? | ABO typing results: Group B
Patient RBCs with: Patient Serum with Reagent RBCs:
Anti-A Anti-B A1 B
0 4+ 4+ 0
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What situations may produce ABO discrepancies in the serum testing? | Newborn, Patient with hypogammaglobulinemia, and cold alloantibody (All of the above)
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A patient's red cells agglutinated by anti-B, but not anti-A. This person would have which ABO phenotypes? | Group B
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Bombay phenotype: | Lacks expression or both H and ABO antigens
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What blood types for a unit of packed red cells would not be given to a B positive individual? | A Positive
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The first step in resolution of ABO discrepancy: | To identify the source of the problem
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What ABO phenotypes would be compatible if the pt required a transfusion of fresh frozen plasma? Patient RBCs w/ Patient Serum w/ Reagent RBCs Anti-A =0 Anti-B =4+ A1 =4+ B =0 | Group B or AB
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What situations is most likely to cause intravascular hemolysis when an incompatible transfusion is given? | Group B packed cells to a Group O recipient
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What ABO phenotypes would be compatible if the patient below required a transfusion of red blood cells? Patient RBCs w/ Patient serum w/ reagent RBCs Anti-A =0 Anti-B =4+ A1 = 4+ B =0 | Group O or B
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The anti-B made by a type A person will be mostly: | IgM
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A2 cells differ from A1 cells in that they: | Only have linear A antigens
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What ABO phenotype would agglutinate in the presence of anti-A,B produced by group O individuals? | A and B
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A group A man marries a group AB woman. The father of the group A man was group O. What possible ABO phenotypes could be expected in the offsprings? | Group A, B, and AB
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Select the ABO phenotypes, in order from most frequent to least frequent, that occur in whites: | O, A, B, AB
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What gene controls the presence of the H substance in saliva? | Se
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A and B antigens can be found in all the following: | Tears, Saliva, and Plasma
Except: spinal fluid
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Given the following ABO phenotyping data: FORWARD REVERSE Anti-A:2+ mf Anti-B:0 A1 cells:0 B cells:3+ What could be a plausible explanation for this discrepancy? | Group O blood products given to group A
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Which ABO phenotype selection contains the most H antigens and the least H antigen, respectively, on the red cell's surface? | O, A1B
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Landsteiner's rule: | Healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their red cells
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This system was created in the 1980s to standardize blood group systems and antigen names: | ISBT
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To distinguish between and A1 and A2 blood type, which reagent is used? | Dolichos biflorus lectin
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What statement is true about ABO antibody production? | ABO antibodies are stimulated by bacteria and other environmental factors
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A D negative woman gives birth to a D negative, weak D positive infant. The woman: | Should receive Rh immune globulin (RHoGAM)
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What genotypes is heterozygous for the C antigen? | R1r
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The E and e antigens of the Rh blood group system: | Differ by just on amino acid
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The frequency of the D-negative phenotype in the population is: | 15%
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Anti-D was detected in the serum of a D-positive person. What is a possible explanation? | Missing antigen epitope
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All of the following can cause the D antigen expression to be weaker: | Partial D expression, inheriting the C antigen in trans to the D antigen, and RHD gene that is genetically weaker
Can NOT: inheriting the G gene
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Anti-D reagent and the Rh control were tested with red cells. Both tests were 2+ agglutination reactions. What is the interpretation of the results? | Unable to interpret without further testing
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The results of a weak D test on a patient with a positive direct antiglobulin test would be: | Unreliable because of immunoglobulins already on the red cells
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A cis-product antigen; presents when c and e are inherited as a haplotype: | f
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A patient with Anti-G would need to receive which blood type? | rr"
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A patient who needs blood tests negative for D, but positive for weak D. She should receive what Rh blood type? | Rh-negative
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What is the likelihood that two heterozygous D-positive parents will have a D-negative child? | 25%
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Convert CDE/CdE to Weiner notation: | Rzry
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The weak D test detects: | A weak D antigen
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The most immunogenic antigen in the Rh blood group: | D antigen
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Testing for the weak D expression is performed by: | Performing the indirect antiglobulin test with anti-D
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Most Rh antibodies are: | IgG and bind at 37 degrees C
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The blood group system that was originally identified as the Rh blood group system is now called: | LW
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The term Rh positive refers to: | The presence of the D antigen
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The Rh genotype CDE/cDE is written in Wiener notation as: | RzR2
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In Rosenfield notation, the phenotype of a donor may be written as Rh:1,-2,-3,4,5. What is the correct phenotype in Fisher-Race(CDE) notation? | cDe
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Anti-f was identified in a patient. Because commercial antisera are not available, what is the best course of action to locate compatible RBC units? | Crossmatch c-negative units
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A patient's Rh genotype was determined to D+, c+, e+, C-, E-. The race is most likely: | Black
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The test for the weak D antigen involves: | The IAT
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The anti-G antibody would be negative with which of the following red cell genotypes? | rr
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