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BZ 310 Exam 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
v-type pumps   uses pyrophosphate (PPi-> 2Pi)  
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pH 3 is   1 mmol concentration of H+  
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ion channel proteins   favored by membrane potential  
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proton antiport proteins into vacuole   Na, Ca, sucrose (H+ out to make it favorable)  
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tight junction   prevents flow between cells in the intestinal tract  
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how is glucose taken up?   2 Na+ for every 1 glucose then ATPase removes the Na+ (also osmosis is occurring with water)  
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3 main types of neurons   sensory, interneurons, motor  
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why are action potentials uni-directional?   refractory period of Na+ gated channels on other side that just opened  
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action potentials are a ___ ____ ____   positive feedback loop  
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what returns membrane potential back to normal?   K+ voltage gated (out) and leak channels  
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voltage gated K+ channels are also called   shaker channels b/c of fruit flies that shake due to deficiency of them  
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where does depolarization occur?   Nodes of Ranvier, not in places where myelin is present  
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series of events at neuromuscular junction   action potential, Ca2+ channel opens, synaptic vesicle fuses w/ membrane, neurotransmitter release, acetylcholine binds, Na+ in, Ca2+ released into cytosol, muscle contraction, P-class pump moves Ca2+ back into SR  
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axon hillock   depolarization must reach potential for an AP to go; all or none principle  
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how do local anesthetics work?   block Na+ channels in sensory neurons  
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where does the majority of ATP in neurons go?   Na/K pump (3 Na out 2 K in)  
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patch clamping   salty solution over a single channel, then an electrode inside; measure current and potential  
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ΔG total=   ΔGconc + ΔGvolt  
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ATP hydrolysis pkg/kcal per mol   about 8 pkg; 10-12 kcal/mol  
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ΔGconc at 300K   -1.4 x log C0/Ci (i=intended not initial)  
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ΔGvolt=   zFV (charge x 23 x volt)  
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which transporter transports glucose from enterocyte?   glut-2  
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pmf=   V + 60 mV x ΔpH  
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ion motive force=   V + 60 mV x log (C0/Ci)  
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simplified Nernst equation   V=60 mV x log (C0/Ci)  
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Valinomycin   allow K+ to transfer across  
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Nigericin   K+/H+ antiport ionophore  
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A23187   Ca2+ ionophore  
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CCCP   H+ ionophore  
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NH4+   H+ ionophore  
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Gramicidin   nonspecific pore ionophore  
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TPP+   lipophilic cation, delocalized charges  
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anabolic pathways are (4)   endergonic, divergent, reductive, NADPH intermediate  
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catabolic pathways are (4)   exergonic, convergent, oxidative, NADH intermediate  
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reduced have __ ___ electrons   high energy  
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oxidized have ___ ____ electrons   low energy  
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negative E0   strong electron donor  
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positive E0   strong electron acceptor  
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what is required to break down very large FAs?   peroxisomes  
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2 regulated enzymes in glycolysis   hexokinase and phosphofructokinase  
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pyruvate -> acetyl coA what enzyme?   pyruvate dehydrogenase  
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reactions in mitochondria   pyruvate -> acetate + CO2 + NADH  
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guanine vs adenine   guanine has a double bond oxygen  
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FAD/FMN   flavins  
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max ATP made from one glucose   would be 38 but 2 used up to get into mitochondria  
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palmityl coA ->   31 NADH + 15 FADH2 + 8 ATP = 131 ATP  
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lactate -> pyruvate cost   6 ATP in liver (back to glucose)  
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0-3 secounds   ATP stocks  
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2-10 seconds   creatine-P  
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7-60 seconds   anaerobic metabolism + respiration  
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1min- 90 min   respiration (glucose and fats)  
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over 90 minutes   fats only  
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pmf is used for ___ in bacteria   motility  
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oxidation is ___ to pmf generation   coupled  
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type 1 redox carriers   capacity for protons and elctrons (ubquinone)  
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type 2 redox carriers   capacity for only electrons (heme)  
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ferric   3+  
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ferrous   2+  
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why does the ETC use each complex rather than just jumping down?   specific binding  
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complex 4 and 1 are   conformational pumps  
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ubiquinone and complex III are   redox loops  
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why isn't 3 H+ enough per ATP?   8-9 actual; UCP, cotransporters use energy  
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Cellular work ___ the ____ ratio   lowers the ATP/ADP ratio (metabolism is coupled)  
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Best sustained oxygen consumption (mitochondria experiment)   ADP, Pi, pyruvate, hexokinase, glucose  
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Phloem   sugar export  
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Xylem   H2O transport  
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___% of O2 production occurs in the oceans   50%  
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light reactions   occur in thylakoid membrane, NADPH and ATP formed  
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calvin cycle   occurs in stroma; CO2 fixed and reduced to sugars (NADPH and ATP consumed)  
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The ion in chlorophyll is   magnesium  
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Chlorophyll protein   LHC (I and II)  
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How many electrons per oxygen produced?   4  
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How many electrons can PQ pick up?   2  
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Photosystem I   light energy removes electron from P700 (ferredoxin), reduce NADP+, replenish electrons from plastocynanin  
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Strongest oxidant in nature   PS II  
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Strongest reductant in nature   P700 (ferredoxin)  
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Small trick of photosynthesis   reduce NADP with electrons from water + build pmf  
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Big trick of photosynthesis   split water without causing damage  
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Cyclic electron flow   no NADPH made, just ATP synthesis (bacteria do this)  
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Pmf chloroplasts   pH  
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Pmf mitochondria   voltage  
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Complex I/II are like   PS II  
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Ubiquinone is like   plastoquinone  
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Cyt B/C complex is like   cytochrome B/F complex  
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Cytochrome C is like   plastocyanin  
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CytC oxidase is like   PS I  
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Uncouplers + 2 examples   decreased ATP synthesis, increased electron transport, ammonia and dinitrophenol  
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Blockers + example   decreased ATP synthase and decreased electron transport, cyanide  
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Most abundant enzyme on the planet   RuBisCO  
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Per GAP produced, use   3 CO2, 9ATP, 6NADPH  
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2 major fates of GAP   conversion to glucose/starch in chloroplast; export for sucrose synthesis  
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why do chloroplastic genes exist?   debunk protein to protect PS II  
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how to prevent light damage (5)   light regulation, cyclic electron flow, feedback inhibition of PS II, repair of PS II, photorespiration  
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photorespiration   rubisco can react w/ O2 to form 2-P-glycolate (toxic) then convert to triose (costly)  
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photorespiration 3 organelles   chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondria  
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special c4 anatomy   mesophyll don’t have RuBisCO, bundle sheet cells have RuBisCO but limited PSII (corn is like this)  
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glycolysis oxidation step   6  
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glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation steps   7 and 10  
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complex III aka (2)   coenzyme Q, cytochrome C reductase  
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complex IV aka   cytochrome oxidase  
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How many net ATP are produced anaerobically per glucose?   2  
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How many net ATP are produced with the complete breakdown of one glucose under aerobic conditions in a eukaryote?   36  
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how many NADPH used per carbon atom?   2  
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how many ATP used per carbon atom?   3  
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