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Overview of the Endocrine System

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Answer
Name the Classic Endocrine Organs   1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary gland 3. Pineal gland 4. Parathyroid glands 5. Thyroid gland 6. Adrenal glands 7. Pancrease 8. Testes 9. Ovaries 10. Uterus 11. Placenta  
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Molecules of this type regulate enzyme reactions, transport ions/molecules across membrane,gene expression, and protien synthesis   Hormones  
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Hormones exert effects at very ... concentrations   Low  
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The effects of hormones are mediated by ...   Receptors  
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The ... regulates teh ability of hormones to affect cells/tissues   Half-life  
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A ... half-life gives a hormone a greater chance to act upon an organ   Longer  
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Hormone communication in which a hormone is released from a cell that enters blood vessels   Hemocrine  
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Hormone communication in which a hormone is released form a cell that interacts with receptor(s) on nearbly cells   Paracrine  
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Hormone communication in which there is a direct ransfer of a messenger molecule inot adjacent cells via gap junctions   Intercrine  
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Hormone communication in which a messenger molecule remains associated with the cell membrane of the signaling cell and interacts with the receptors on an adjacent cell   Juxtacrine  
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Hormone communication in which a hormone is secreted and intereacts with a receptor on the same cell   Autocrine  
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Hormone communication in which a messenger molecule is produced by neurons   Neurocrine  
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Neurocrine hormone communication in which a messenger molecules traverses the synaptic space   Synaptic  
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Neurocrine hormone communication in which a messenger molecule is carried to the site of action by ECF or blood   Non-synaptic (neurosecretion)  
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Hormone communication in which a messenger molecule is secreted into the lumen of a ductal system (i.e. GI, respiratory, urogenital)   Solicrine  
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Hormone communication in which there is the uptake of a hormonal precursar and intracellular conversion to effective hormone and subsequent binding to an intracellular receptor   Intracrine  
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What are the four classes of hormones   1. Amino acid derivatives 2. Peptide/Polypeptide 3. Steroid 4. Fatty acid derivatives  
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Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are what class of hormone   Amino acid derivatives  
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Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), atrial nariuretic peptide (ANP), vasopressin calcitonin, CCK, growth hormone, inhibin, insulin, parathyroid hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin (TSH, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are what class of hormone   Peptide/polypeptide  
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Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone are what class of hormone   Steroid  
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Postaglandins and thromboxanes are what cless of hormone   Fatty acid derivatives  
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What are the four mechanisms of regulation of hormone release   1. Nerve activation and conductance of signal to endocrine tissue 2. environmental changes 3. hormonal stimulation 4. feedback to endocrine tissue  
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What are the two types of receptors associated with hormonal responses   1. Intracellular 2. PLasma membrane  
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What are the two types of Intracellular receptors   1. Cytoplasmic 2. Nuclear  
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What are the four types of plasma membrane receptors   1. G protiens 2. Tyrosine Kinases 3. Serine/Threonine kinases 4. Ion channel  
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Peptide and protein hormone classes work through what type of receptor   Plasma membrane  
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A sequence of DNA which interacts with a hormone receptor complex. This is how transcription is regulated   Hormone Response Element  
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What are the three types of hormone/hormone interaction   1. Synergistic 2. Antagonistic 3. Permissive  
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What is an example of synergistic hormone/hormone interaction   Glucagon and epinephrine  
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What is an example of antagonistic hormone/hormone interaction   Insulin and glucagon  
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What is an example of permissive hormone/hormone interaction   Steroid priming of hypothalamus/pituitary  
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What are the five factors affecting hormonal effect   1. Synthesis of hormone 2. Receptro mediated signal transduction 3. Hormone inactivation/clearance 4. Feedback systems 5. Rhythm of hormone release  
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What three synthesis factors effect hormonal effects   1. Post-transcription 2. Post-translational procssing of the hormone 3. Post-secretory extracellular transport of hormone  
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What three receptor mediated signal transduction factors effect hormonal effects   1. Affinity, number, occupancy, desenitization 2. Cellular second messenger components 3. Degradation of second messenger signaling factors  
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What two hormone inactivation/clearance factors effect hormonal effects   1. porcessing bound vs. free circulating hormone 2. Metabolic clearnace rate  
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When a hormone is bound to a carrier its half-life is ...   Extended  
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What five factors of feedback systems effect hormonal effects   1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Long 4. Short 5. Ultrashort  
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In this type of feedback loop teh secretion of the peripheral gland indirectly affects the pituitary hormone secretion   Long  
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Thyroid hormone inhibits the release of TRH, therefore decreasing the stimulus to the pituitary to secrete TSH. This is an example of a ... feedback loop.   Long  
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In this type of feedback loop secretion of the pituitary affect hypothalamic hormone release   Short  
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TSH released from the pituitary negatively influences the secretion of TRH from the hypothalamus. This is an example of a ... feedback loop   Short  
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In this type of feedback loop a hormone feedsback to the cell of its production or a neighboring cell to inhibit further secretion of 'itself'   Ultrashort  
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TSH inhibiting the release of TSH from tyrotrophs is an esample of a ... feedback loop   Ultrashort  
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What are the three types of rhythm of hormone release   1. Circadian 2. Ultradian 3. Infradian  
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In this rhythm of hormone release the pattern of secretion is about every 24 hours   Circadian  
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The release of melatonin is an example of what type of rhythm release   Circadian  
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In this rhythm of hormone release the pattern of secretions is frequent (i.e. every 90-100 minutes)/24 hours   Ultradian  
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The release of growth hormone is an example of what type of rhythm release   Ultradian  
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In this rhythm of hormone relase the pattern of secretion is over a period greater than 24 hours   Infradian  
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The release of LH surge during menstration is an example of what type of rhythm release   Infradian  
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Assays for measuring hormones can measure what forms of hormones   Free, Bound, or Total (free + bound)  
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What are four types of assays for measuring hormones   1. Radioimmunoassay 2. Enzyme immunoassay 3. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay 4. Immunoradiometric assay  
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