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GastroIntestinal Reverse-Defs

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Term
Definition
small intestine   a continuation of the GI tract responsible for absorpition. consists fo the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.  
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epiglottis   a flap of tissue covering the trachea, which prevents food and liquids from entering the airway  
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sigmoid colon   a flexure of the colon which joins the descending colon and the rectum  
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cholelith   a gallstone  
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ulcer   a lesion of the skin or mucous membrane which frequently develops in the duodenum or stomach  
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esophagus   a muscular canal which extends from the pharynx to the stomach  
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stomach   a sac-like structure in the abdominal cavity, responsible for digestion of food  
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occult blood   a test in which stool samples are collected to determine gastrointestinal bleeding  
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ascites   abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease  
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hernia   abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through the structure that normally contain it  
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achlorhydric   absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach  
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colon   also called the large intestine; it is divided into four portions and is responsible for absorption and elimination  
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stoma   an artificial opening, in this case, one from the bowl through the abdominal wall  
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bulimia   an eating disorder characterized by binge eating, purging, and vigorous exercise  
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gallbladder   an organ below the liver which stores and empties bile through its ducts into the small intestine  
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pancreas   an organ which uses ducts to provide exocrine secretions to the duodenum to aid in digestion  
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esophagojejunostomy   anastomosis of the esophagus and jejunum  
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)   backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus  
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regurgitation   back flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach  
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)   bariatric surgery involves stapling the stomach to decrease size and shorten the jejunum and connect to small stomach, causing the base of duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of stomach to form a Y, that decreases pathway of food  
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vertical banded gastroplasty   bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness  
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morbid obesity   body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight  
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trachea   cartilaginous tube which extends from the larynx to the bronchial tubes  
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mastication   chewing-the first stage of digestion  
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sphincter   circular band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body  
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endoscopic (U.S.)   combines endoscopy and ultrasound to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs  
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antidiarrheals   control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract  
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antiemetics   control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain  
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antacids   counteract or neutralize acidity usually in the stomach  
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colostomy   creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag  
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antispasmodics   decrease gastrointestinal spasms by slowing peristalsis and mobility throughout the GI tract  
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hepatomegaly   enlargement of liver  
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obesity   excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight  
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polypectomy   excision of a polyp  
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fecalith   fecal concretion  
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cecum   first 2-3" of the large intestine  
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ascending colon   first portion of the colon, extending from the cecum to the lower border of the liver  
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Crohn disease   form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis  
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oral leukoplakia   formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused by primarily by irritation  
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halitosis   foul-smelling breath  
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flatus   gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus  
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exocrine   gland taht secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel  
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liver function tests (LFT)   group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract  
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bariatric surgery   group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems  
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ultrasonography   high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo  
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computed tomography (CT)   imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles  
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dysphagia   inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia  
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pylormyotomy   incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis  
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ulcerative colitis   inflammation and ulceration of the innermost lining of the colon  
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diverticulitis   inflammation of a sac-like bulge that may develop in the wall of the large intestine  
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appendicitis   inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection  
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dysentery   inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea  
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stomatitis   inflammation of the mouth of the stomach  
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gastritis   inflammation of the stomach  
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nasogastric intubation   insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food or gastric secretions; instil medication, food or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis  
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anorexia   lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat  
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rectum   last portion of the GI tract which terminates at the anus  
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ileum   lower division of the small intestine  
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magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)   magnetic resonance imaging is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic cuts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner  
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bolus   mass of masticated food ready to be swalloed  
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serum bilirubin   measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood  
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proctologist   one who specializes in diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus  
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bilirubin   orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is take up by liver cells to form bilirubin and eventually excreted in the feces  
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triglycerides   organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids  
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hepatitis panel   panel of blood tests that identify the specific virus-hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C - that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens  
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melena   passage of dark-coloured, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices  
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steatorrhea   passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it  
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pharynx   passageway for air from the nose to the larynx and for food from the mouth to the esophagus  
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anorectal   pertaining to both the anus and the rectum  
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celiac   pertaining to the abdomen  
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buccal   pertaining to the cheek  
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lingual   pertaining to the tongue  
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cachexia   physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer  
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sialolithiasis   presence of a stone in the salivary gland  
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cholelithiasis   presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct  
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lithotripsy   procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic waves  
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eructation   producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching  
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peristalsis   progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract  
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gastrointestinal system   provides the body with nutrients, electrolytes and water by ingestion, digestion, elimination and absorption  
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upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)   radiographic examination of the esophagus stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow  
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lower gastrointestinal series (BE)   radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema  
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oral cholecystography (OCG)   radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet  
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cholecystogram   radiographic record of the gallbladder  
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liver scan   radiographic visualization of the liver after injection of a radioactive substance  
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sialography   radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts  
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choledocholithotomy   removal of a gallstone through an incision of the bile duct  
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borborygmus   rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine  
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cirrhosis   scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease  
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jejunum   second division of the small intestine  
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transverse colon   second portion of the colon that passes horizontally across the abdomen toward the spleen  
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obstipation   severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction  
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colic   spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain  
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pyloric stenosis   stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine  
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ileorectal anastomosis   surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis  
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intestinal anastomosis   surgical connection of 2 portions of the intestines; also called enterostomy  
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ileostomy   surgical formation of an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall  
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enterostomy   surgical formation of an opening from the small intestine through the abdominal wall  
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anastomosis   surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another  
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jejunorrhaphy   surgical repair of the jejunum  
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cheiloplasty   surgical repair of the lip  
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proctologist   surgical repair or reconstruction of the rectum or colon  
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aerophagia   swallowing air  
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)   symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon  
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malabsorption syndrome   symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impairment passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph  
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stool guaiac   test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult  
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stool culture   test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection  
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oropharynx   the central part of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis  
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anal sphincter   the constricting muscle at the anus which relaxes to allow passage of stool  
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enema   the introduction of liquid into the rectum for cleansing the bowel and for stimulating evacuation of the bowels  
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liver   the largest glandular organ which functions include: producing bile, removing glucose from the blood, and storing vitamins  
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laryngopharynx   the lower portion of the pharynx which divides into the trachea and esophagus  
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anus   the outlet of the rectum  
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absorption   the passage of simple nutrients into the bloodstream  
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diarrhea   the passage of unformed watery bowel movements  
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nasopharynx   the portion of the throat above the soft palate and behind the nose  
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digestion   the process by which food is broke down, mechanically and chemically in the GI tract and converted into an absorbable form that can be used by the body  
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descending colon   third continuation of the colon which joins and forms the sigmoid colon  
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ingest   to eat  
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elimination   to pass urine from the bladder or stool from the bowel  
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laxatives   treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowl to induce defecation  
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cholangioma   tumour of the bile duct or vessel  
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abdominal us   ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder  
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duodenum   uppermost division of the small intestine; receives secretions to aid in digestion  
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extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy   use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts  
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endoscopy   visual examination of a cavity or canal using a flexible fiberoptic instrument called an endoscope  
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gastrointestinal endoscopy   visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumours  
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hematemesis   vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus  
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deglutition   swallowing (the act of)  
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