anatomy ch. 6 & 7 notes
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Functions of Osseous and Bone Structure (5) | 1. support (body)
2. protection (body)
3. storage: minerals and lipids (yellow bone marrow)
4. blood cell production: produced in red bone marrow
5. leverage: movement
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Bone classifications: shapes (6) | 1. long bone: arms, legs
2. flat bone: sternum, ribs
3. sutural bone: skull
4. irregular bone: vertebrae, pelvis
5. shot bone: carpals, tarsals
6. sesamoid bone: patella
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Spongy bone | (open network of bone)
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medullary cavity | marrow cavity
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epiphysis | ends
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metaphysis | where epiphysis meets diaphysis
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Diaphysis | shaft, main portion
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4 bones cells | 1. osteoprogenitor: maintain populations of osteoblast
2. osteoblast: cells that form bone
3. osteocytes: mature bone cells
4. osteoclast: helps in the maintenance of bone
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Haversian canal system (10 terms) | 1. vein
2. artery
3. capillaries
4. venule
5. central canal
6. perforating canal
7. asteons
8. endosteum
9. periosteum
10. lamella
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Endochondral Bone Formation | -cartilage: bone formation into hard bone
-most of the body is composed of this type of bone formation
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Intramembranous bone formation | membrane changing into bone: skull and mandible
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Effects of exercise on Bone | -bones are adaptable
-if muscles become more powerful then bumps and ridges become inlarges to withstand forces
-regular exercise is therefore and important stimulus for maintaining normal bone structure
-degenerative changes in teh skeleton occur afte
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Bones of body divisions | axial skeleton: 80 bones
appendicular: 126
total: 206
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Skull bones | cranial bones: 8,
facial bones: 14
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Associated with skull bones | auditory: 6,
hyoid: 1
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vertebral column | vertebrae: 26
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thoracic cage | sternum: 1,
ribs: 24
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Skull: 22 bones | -cranial: 8 bones: (215, 216, 217)
-frontal:1 (green)
-occipital:1 foramen magnum (burnt orange in back)
-parietal: 2 (Yellow)
-temporal: 2 external auditory meatus mastoid process pg 220 (purple)
-sphenoid: 1 pg 221(darker yellow behind frontal bone
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Facial bones: 14 | -maxillae: 2: fused upper jaw; largest facial bones
faulty formation results in a cleft palate pg 123 in ATLAS 10-12 week
(red in front)
-zygomatic: 2: cheek bone
temporal process of zygomatic bone pg 224
(blue)
-nasal: 2: bridge of the
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deeper bones of face | -Palatine:2: posterior portion of the palate pg 223 (blue inside nose)
-inferior nasal conchae: 2 pg 224. Helps promote turbulent circulation, helping to war the air that is inhaled
-lacrimal: 2: smallest facial bone forms medial wall of the eye s
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Associated with skull: 7 bones | Auditory: 6, pg 586
malleus(hammer) 2
Incus (anvil) 2
Stapes (stirrup) 2
-Hyoid: 1 pg 225 (right underneath mandible)
attachment for muscles which move the tongue and aid in speaking and swallowing
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Cranial Sutures (3) | -Coronal: b/w frontal and parietal
-Lambdoidal: b/w parietal and occipital
-Sagittal: b/w the parietal and Parietal
-Squamosal: b/w the temporal and parietal
* these are immoveable joints*
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Fontanels (4) | -anterior(1): composed of fibrous connective tissue and covers a major blood vessel. Thus it will pulse like the heart - closes around 2 years
-Occipital(1): closes within 1-2 months
-Sphenoidal(2); closes within 1-2 months
-Mastoid(2) closes wit
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vertebral column: 26 bones | Type of vertebra:
#in adult:#in children
Cervical: 7: 7
Thoracic: 12: 12
Lumbar: 5: 5
Sacrum: 1: 5
Coccyx: 1: 3-5
TOTAL: 26: 32-34
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irregular curves (3) | kyohosis, lordosis, scoliosis
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scoliosis | abnormal lateral curve (pg. 232)
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Vertebral Anatomy | -cervical vertebra: attaches to skull, smallest vertebra
-thoracic vertebra: articulate with tthe ribs at the costal facets (pg. 237) 1-10 only connect in two places, superior and transverse costal faucets
-Lumbar: largest (for attachment of large
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THORACIC CAGE | 25 bones
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Ribs: 12 pairs | -true ribs: pairs 1-7 attached directly to sternum by costal cartilage: the vertibrosternal ribs usually increase in length and radius or curvature as you go from superior to inferior
- vertebrochondral: 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by 7th
- false
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intercostal space | area b/w ribs occipied by
1. muscles
2. blood vessels
3. nerves
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Sternum: flat narrow bone about 6 inches long | -manubrium: most superior, articulats with 1 &2 ribs and the clavicle
-body: middle part of strnum that articulates with ribs 3-10
-xiphoid process: most inferior, does not articulate with any rib. will finnish ossifying around age 25
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Surface markings (18) | process, ramus, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine, head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet, fossa, sulcus, foramen, fissure, sinus or antrum
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process | projection or bump
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ramus | an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest o the structure
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trochanter | large, rough projection
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tuberosity | smaller, rough projection
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tubercle | small, rounded projection
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crest | prominent ridge
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line | low ridge
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spine | pointed or narrow process
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head | expanded articular end of an epiphysis separated from he shaft by a neck
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neck | narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
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condyle | smooth, rounded articular process
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trochlea | smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
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facet | small, flat articular surface
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fossa | shallow depression
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suclus | narrow groove
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foramen | rounded passageway through the substance of a bone
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fissure | elongated cleft
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sinus or antrum | chamber with a bone, normally filled with air
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