Real Immuno 4
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| What does terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase do? | Addition of nucleotides to DNA during "genetic recombination" in B cells
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| What does Tdt stand for? | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
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| Which immunoglobulins are expressed on the surface of mature B cells? | IgM and IgD
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| What is isotype switching? | Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that secrete IgG, IgA, or IgE
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| What stimulates isotype switching? | Cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and CD40-Ligand on T-cells
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| Main antibody isotype in secondary immune response | IgG
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| Most abundant antibody isotype | IgG
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| Antibody isotypes which cross placenta | IgG
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| Antibody isotypes which fix complement | IgG and IgM in the classic complement pathway
Mnemonic: GM makes classic cars
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| Antibody isotypes which opsonize bacteria | IgG (and IgA weakly)
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| Main antibody isotype in primary immune response | IgM
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| Antibody isotypes associated with the J chain | IgM and IgA
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| Antibody isotypes associated with the SP | IgA SP = Secretory Protein
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| Antibody isotype with longest half life | IgG (26 days compared with 5 for IgM, the next longest)
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| Antibody isotype which prevents bacterial/viral attachment to mucous membranes | IgA
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| Antibody isotype found in secretions | IgA
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| Antibody isotype which mediates type I hypersensitivity | IgE
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| How does IgE cause an allergic response? | Type I hypersensitivity
1. IgE binds to basophils or mast cells
2. IgE binds antigen
3. These cells release histamine and leukotrienes.
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| Which cells have receptors for IgE? | 1. mast cells
2. basophils
3. eosinophils
4. monocytes/macrophages
5. platelets
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| Antibody isotype which mediates immunity to worms | IgE
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| Least abundant antibody isotype | IgE
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| Define allotype | An individual's allele coding for the constant portions of the antibody's heavy chains.
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| Define isotype | Specific type of chain in an antibody.
Heavy isotypes: alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, mu
Light isotypes: kappa, lambda
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| Define idiotype | antibodies of one idiotype share structure of their variable region and thus, antigen binding specificity.
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| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 3 | Supports the growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (similar to GM-CSF). Most important during early growth.
Mnemonic for first 5 interleukins: Hot T-bone stEAk. bone, as in bone development
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| What releases: Interleukin 3 | T cells (emphasis on activated T cells) and thymic epithelial cells
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| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 6 | 1. Differentiation and growth of B cells and T cells
2. Systemic effects (Acute Phase Response and Fever)
3. Stimulates Ig production
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| What releases: Interleukin 4 | Th2 cells
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| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 8 | 1. Major neutrophil chemotactic and adhesion factor
2. Angiogenesis
3. High levels associated with schizophrenia
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| What releases: Interleukin 8 | 1. Monocytes
2. Endothelial cells
3. Fibroblasts
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| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 12 | 1. Promotes differentiation of Th cells into Th1
2. Activates NK cells
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| What releases: Interleukin 12 | Professional Antigen Presenting Cells:
1. Dendritic cells
2. Macrophages
3. B cells
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