Cause and Effect
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What are the causes of seizures? | •Alcohol or drug withdrawal
•High fever
•Stroke
•Hyponatremia
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Which patient's disease state require the drug therapy to be individualized? | seizure patients
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Seizure medications may take a _____ to see the results. | month
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What is Monotherapy? | one drug is tried first, and other agents may be added to control seizure activity
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Gabapentin is used to treat what other conditions? | nerve pain related to diabetic neuropathy, nerve pain, and shingles.
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Many antiepileptic drugs can cause ______,______ and ______? | drowsiness, dizziness mental confusion
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Because many antiepileptic drugs are dose-dependent __________ must be monitored. | blood levels
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Dulling effect on the ability to think is a side effect of | antiepileptic drugs
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A severe and sometimes fatal rash caused by a side effect of antiepileptic drugs | Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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Antiepileptic drugs can cause blood abnormalities,_______ are taken periodically to check for abnormalities in blood cells. | blood tests
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Gingival hyperplasia, which is an overgrowth of gum tissue in the mouth is a side effect of? | Phenytoin
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Anticonvulsants classified as pregnancy category ___ are harmful to a developing fetus if taken while the patient is pregnant | D
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Abrupt withdrawal of AEDs should always be avoided, because sudden discontinuation may trigger _______ | seizures
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Patients allergic to sulfa antibiotics should not take_______ | Zonisamide
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Phenytoin is highly bound to _______in the bloodstream, and it interacts with many other meds that are also bound to _________. | protein
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____________can adhere to nasogastric tubing, it must be mixed well with normal saline and separated by two hours from feedings given through the same tube. | Phenytoin
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Valproate and valproic acid tablets should be swallowed whole, not _____or _______. | crushed or chewed
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Valproate and valproic acid tablets should not be taken with ______ or ________ | aspirin or carbonate beverages
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What form of carbamazepine works as an osmotic pump and leaves an empty pill casing in the stool | Extended-release
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Extended-release form of carbamazepine works best when taken with a ______ meal | fatty
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________ works best when taken with food. | Ethosuximide
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Barbiturates and primidone are ________ _________, patients can develop tolerance and dependence, and they may need more drug to get the same effects. | controlled substances
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Topiramate and zonisamide can cause _______ ________, patients should drink plenty of fluids to avoid this effect. | kidney stones
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What drugs cause Parkinson’s Disease–type symptoms? | •Antipsychotic agents
•Metoclopramide
•Phenothiazine antiemetics
•Pimozide
•Amoxapine
•Lithium
•Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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__________ is usually given in combination with levodopa because it slows the breakdown of levodopa before it reaches the CNS, allowing more of it to enter. | Carbidopa
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What are the side effects of levodopa? | •Nausea and dyskinesias
•Dizziness
•Constipation
•Insomnia
•Daytime sleepiness
•Mood elevations
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What side effect causes abnormal, involuntary writhing movements of the arms, legs, neck, and mouth | Dyskinesias
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Dyskinesias side effects can occur over__ to __ minutes after taking a dose of levodopa | 60 to 90
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Daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks may impair a patient’s ability to ______ or participate in daily activities. | drive
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Apomorphine should not be taken along with ______ agents such as ondansetron, granisetron, or alosteron. | antiemetic
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_________and __________ are used topically in the nose as decongestants to reduce sinus swelling during respiratory infections | Ephedrine and phenylephrine
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What are the side effects of adrenergic agonists? | •Headache
•Excitability
•Fast heart rate
•Restlessness
•Insomnia
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Pharmacy technicians should be aware that IV forms of epinephrine are mixed in ______ _______ , not normal saline | dextrose solution
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Epinephrine should be injected into the ______, not the _______ | thigh,buttocks
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The epinephrine autoinjector contains only ___ dose, so a refill will be needed once it is used. | one
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When dispensing epinephrine, patients or caregivers should be alerted of the? | expiration date
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What are the effects of anticholinergic drugs? | dry mouth
dry eyes
constipation
urinary retention
increase in blood pressure
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Patients with urinary difficulty or bowel problems should not use drugs with ________ side effects. | anticholinergic
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_______ pain medications are drugs that cause significant anticholinergic side effects-constipation and dry mouth, respectively. | Opiod
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