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DNA, REPLICATION & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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Question
Answer
Each new copy of a replicated chromosome   sister chromatid  
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Long strands of DNA (chromosomes)are wound around proteins called   histones  
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centromere   region where chromatids are connected until anaphase  
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compare daughter cell formed in mitosis to the parental cell as they appear in G1   same number of chromosomes and same amount of DNA  
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chromatid   replicated chromosome  
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What was the significance of Fred Griffith's experiment with 2 strains of pneumonia pathogens?   harmless bacteria can be transformed by absorbing DNA from another bacteria source  
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Viruses that attack bacteria are called   bacteriophages  
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What was the significance of the Hershey-Chase experiment with radioactive P32 and S35?   It showed the inheritance of radioactive P and S in host bacteria for several generations  
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What are the elements of nucleic acids?   C, H, O, N, P  
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What the monomers (building blocks) of the nucleic acids?   nucleotides  
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What are the components of a nucleotide?   5-Carbon sugars, a phosphate group, nitrogenous bases  
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What type of bonds are between the nucleotides?   hydrogen  
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According to Chargaff's rule; what are the bonding rules?   adenine to thymine cytosine to guanine  
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Nitrogen bases with double (2) rings are called   purines  
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Nirogen bases with a single (1) ring are called   pyrimidines  
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True or False; double rings always bond to single ring nucleotides.   True  
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Rosalind Franklin's contribution showed Watson and Crick   principal structure  
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Watson and Crick's contribution resulted in   DNA was double stranded; helical; consisted of unique base pairings; it's structure permitted replication  
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The complementary base pairing rules are A - ______ C - ______   T G  
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DNA has been compared to   rope ladder spiral stairway  
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The DNA backbone consists of   phosphate and sugar bonds  
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Messelson and Stahl's experiment best described DNA replications as   semiconservative  
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Replication of DNA   produces 2 identical molecules the consist of half new and half parental DNA  
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The enzyme that adds new nucleotides, proofreads the bonding rules,and rarley allows mutations   DNA polymerase  
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The Okazaki fragments created on the lagging strand are join together by   DNA ligase  
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How many strands in DNA?   2  
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How many strands in RNA?   1  
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What are the different types of RNA in volved in protein synthesis?   mRNA; tRNA; rRNA  
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What form of RNA carries the DNA code to the ribosome?   mRNA  
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What form of RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome to bond with the growing polypeptide chain?   tRNA  
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Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not in RNA?   thymine  
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Which compound is found in RNA but not DNA?   ribose sugar  
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The nitrogen base Uracil will bond with   Adenine  
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The relationship of RNA to DNA has called   complimentary  
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Where does transcription take place in the cell?   nucleus  
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What is transcription?   the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template  
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What enzyme catalyzes transcription?   DNA polymerase  
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What portion of the DNA molecule and the processed mRNA is the actual genetic code?   the exons  
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How many different mRNA codons are there?   64  
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The 3 base = 1 amino acids is the basis for   the genetic code  
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3 of the 64 bases do not code for an amino acid but cause the elongation process to ______.   stop  
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If the DNA code were AAGCGT then the mRNA codons would be   UUCGCA  
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To what does the anticodon bond?   codon  
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Translation starts when the mRNA and tRNA attach to the   small ribosomal subunit  
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When amino acids are joined together during the building of the polypeptide primary structre, they form ________ bonds.   peptide  
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What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell Anemia?   substitution  
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Gene mutations can occur   randomly and spontaneously  
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A mutation is any change in base sequence of   DNA  
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2 characteristics of mutations are   can occur in all organisms and they can be caused by environmental agents  
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Mutations can be   random, beneficial, harmful, and inheritable  
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What types of mutations can cause a frameshift?   addition of a base or a 1 or 2 base deletion  
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How many of the DNA strands is transcribed?   only 1  
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Transcribe the following DNA strand: TACCACAATCCCGCATA   AUGGUGUUAGGGCACGUAU  
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If the mRNA strand is AUGUUUACAGGCAACUAG what would the sequence of amino acids be?   Met - Phe - Thr - Gly - Asn - stop  
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Okazaki fragment arrangements   5' RNA nucleotides, 3' DNA nucleotides  
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removes RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments   DNA Polymerase 1  
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synthesizes short segments of RNA to fill in space between the Okazaki fragments   primase  
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promoter region   region at which RNA polymerase will bind and begin transcription for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes  
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5' cap and poly (A) tail   helps stabilize mRNA by blocking it breakdown  
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introns   excised after transcription during mRNA editing  
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exons   spliced together to form the final mRNA strand  
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most abundant type of RNA   rRNA  
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missense mutation   changes the sequence of amino acids in the protein  
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nonsense mutation   insertion of a premature stop codon  
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types of mutations that can cause a frameshift   insertion or deletion  
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