DNA, REPLICATION & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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Each new copy of a replicated chromosome | sister chromatid
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Long strands of DNA (chromosomes)are wound around proteins called | histones
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centromere | region where chromatids are connected until anaphase
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compare daughter cell formed in mitosis to the parental cell as they appear in G1 | same number of chromosomes and same amount of DNA
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chromatid | replicated chromosome
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What was the significance of Fred Griffith's experiment with 2 strains of pneumonia pathogens? | harmless bacteria can be transformed by absorbing DNA from another bacteria source
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Viruses that attack bacteria are called | bacteriophages
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What was the significance of the Hershey-Chase experiment with radioactive P32 and S35? | It showed the inheritance of radioactive P and S in host bacteria for several generations
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What are the elements of nucleic acids? | C, H, O, N, P
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What the monomers (building blocks) of the nucleic acids? | nucleotides
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What are the components of a nucleotide? | 5-Carbon sugars, a phosphate group, nitrogenous bases
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What type of bonds are between the nucleotides? | hydrogen
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According to Chargaff's rule; what are the bonding rules? | adenine to thymine
cytosine to guanine
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Nitrogen bases with double (2) rings are called | purines
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Nirogen bases with a single (1) ring are called | pyrimidines
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True or False; double rings always bond to single ring nucleotides. | True
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Rosalind Franklin's contribution showed Watson and Crick | principal structure
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Watson and Crick's contribution resulted in | DNA was double stranded; helical; consisted of unique base pairings; it's structure permitted replication
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The complementary base pairing rules are A - ______ C - ______ | T
G
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DNA has been compared to | rope ladder
spiral stairway
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The DNA backbone consists of | phosphate and sugar bonds
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Messelson and Stahl's experiment best described DNA replications as | semiconservative
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Replication of DNA | produces 2 identical molecules the consist of half new and half parental DNA
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The enzyme that adds new nucleotides, proofreads the bonding rules,and rarley allows mutations | DNA polymerase
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The Okazaki fragments created on the lagging strand are join together by | DNA ligase
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How many strands in DNA? | 2
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How many strands in RNA? | 1
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What are the different types of RNA in volved in protein synthesis? | mRNA; tRNA; rRNA
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What form of RNA carries the DNA code to the ribosome? | mRNA
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What form of RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome to bond with the growing polypeptide chain? | tRNA
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Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not in RNA? | thymine
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Which compound is found in RNA but not DNA? | ribose sugar
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The nitrogen base Uracil will bond with | Adenine
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The relationship of RNA to DNA has called | complimentary
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Where does transcription take place in the cell? | nucleus
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What is transcription? | the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
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What enzyme catalyzes transcription? | DNA polymerase
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What portion of the DNA molecule and the processed mRNA is the actual genetic code? | the exons
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How many different mRNA codons are there? | 64
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The 3 base = 1 amino acids is the basis for | the genetic code
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3 of the 64 bases do not code for an amino acid but cause the elongation process to ______. | stop
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If the DNA code were AAGCGT then the mRNA codons would be | UUCGCA
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To what does the anticodon bond? | codon
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Translation starts when the mRNA and tRNA attach to the | small ribosomal subunit
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When amino acids are joined together during the building of the polypeptide primary structre, they form ________ bonds. | peptide
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What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell Anemia? | substitution
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Gene mutations can occur | randomly and spontaneously
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A mutation is any change in base sequence of | DNA
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2 characteristics of mutations are | can occur in all organisms and they can be caused by environmental agents
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Mutations can be | random, beneficial, harmful, and inheritable
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What types of mutations can cause a frameshift? | addition of a base or a 1 or 2 base deletion
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How many of the DNA strands is transcribed? | only 1
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Transcribe the following DNA strand: TACCACAATCCCGCATA | AUGGUGUUAGGGCACGUAU
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If the mRNA strand is AUGUUUACAGGCAACUAG what would the sequence of amino acids be? | Met - Phe - Thr - Gly - Asn - stop
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Okazaki fragment arrangements | 5' RNA nucleotides, 3' DNA nucleotides
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removes RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments | DNA Polymerase 1
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synthesizes short segments of RNA to fill in space between the Okazaki fragments | primase
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promoter region | region at which RNA polymerase will bind and begin transcription for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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5' cap and poly (A) tail | helps stabilize mRNA by blocking it breakdown
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introns | excised after transcription during mRNA editing
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exons | spliced together to form the final mRNA strand
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most abundant type of RNA | rRNA
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missense mutation | changes the sequence of amino acids in the protein
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nonsense mutation | insertion of a premature stop codon
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types of mutations that can cause a frameshift | insertion or deletion
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