the Lymphatic System and Immunity--vocab terms
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lymph | the name for tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries.
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lymph capillaries | very permeable and collect tissue fluid and proteins.
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lacteals | specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine; they absorb the fat-soluble end products of digestion,(such as fatty acids and vitamins A,D,E, and K.)
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skeletal muscle pump | a mechanism that increases venous return; contractions of the skeletal muscles compress the deep veins, especially those of the legs.
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respiratory pump | a mechanism that increases venous return; pressure changes during breathing compress the veins that pass through the thoracic cavity.
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cisterna chyli | a large lymph vessel formed by the union of lymph vessels from the lower body; continues superiorly as the thoracic duct.
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thoracic duct | the lymph vessel that empties lymph from the lower half and upper left quadrant of the body into the left subclavian vein.
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lymph node | a small mass of lymphatic tissue located along the pathway of a lymph vessel; produces some lymphocytes and destroys pathogens in the lymph.
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plasma cells | a cell derived from an activated B cell that produces antibodies to a specific antigen.
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lymph nodule | a small mass of lymphatic tissue located in a mucous membrane; destroys pathogens that penetrate mucous membranes.
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tonsils | the lymph nodules in the mucosa of the pharynx, the palatine tonsils, and the adenoid; also the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue.
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tonsillectomy | the surgical removal of the palatine tonsils and/or adenoid.
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Peyer's patches | the lymph nodules in the mucosa of the small intestine, especially in the ileum.
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spleen | an organ located in the upper left abdominal quadrant behind the stomach; consists of lymphatic tissue that produces lymphocytes; also contains macrophages that phagocytize old red blood cells.
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thymus | an organ made of lymphatic tissue located inferior to the thyroid gland; large in the fetus and child, and shrinks with age; produces T cells and hormones necessary for the maturation of the immune system.
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self-recognition | the ability to distinguish the cells that belong in the body from those that do not.
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self-tolerance | the ability not to react to proteins and other organic molecules our cells produce.
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immunity | the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases.
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antigens | chemical markers that identify cells.
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natural killer cells | a type of lymphocyte that is not specific and is part of innate immunity; kills pathogens and tumor cells by direct contact.
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interferons | (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-interferons) are proteins produced by cells infected with viruses and by T cells.
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complement | a group of more than 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood until activated.
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inflammation | a general response to damage of any kind: microbial, chemical, or physical.
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cytokines | chemicals released by activated T cells that attract macrophages. are also released by many cells and tissues as part of cellular communication.
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cell-mediated immunity | the mechanism of adaptive immunity that does not involve antibody production, but rather the destruction of foreign antigens by the activities of T cells and macrophages.
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antibody-mediated immunity | the mechanism of adaptive immunity that involves antibody production and the destruction of foreign antigens by the activities of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. (Syn.-humoral immunity)
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antibody | a protein molecule produced by plasma cells that is specific for and will bond to a particular foreign antigen. (Syn.-gamma globulin, immune globulin)
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opsonization | the action of antibodies or complement that upon binding to a foreign antigen attracts macrophages and facilitates phagocytosis.
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vaccines | a preparation of a foreign antigen that is administered by injection or other means in order to stimulate an antibody response to provide immunity to a particular pathogen.
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agglutination | "clumping", this is what happens when antibodies bind to bacterial cells.
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genetic immunity | the immunity provided by the genetic makeup of a species; reflects the inability of certain pathogens to cause disease in certain host species.
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acquired immunity | the immunity obtained upon exposure to a pathogen or a vaccine or upon reception of antibodies for a particular pathogen.
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passive immunity | the immunity provided by the reception of antibodies from another source; may be natural (placental, breast milk) or artificial (injection of gamma globulins).
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active immunity | the immunity provided by the production of antibodies after exposure to a foreign antigen; may be natural (recovery from disease) or artificial (reception of a vaccine).
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