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the Lymphatic System and Immunity--vocab terms

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Term
Definition
lymph   the name for tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries.  
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lymph capillaries   very permeable and collect tissue fluid and proteins.  
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lacteals   specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine; they absorb the fat-soluble end products of digestion,(such as fatty acids and vitamins A,D,E, and K.)  
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skeletal muscle pump   a mechanism that increases venous return; contractions of the skeletal muscles compress the deep veins, especially those of the legs.  
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respiratory pump   a mechanism that increases venous return; pressure changes during breathing compress the veins that pass through the thoracic cavity.  
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cisterna chyli   a large lymph vessel formed by the union of lymph vessels from the lower body; continues superiorly as the thoracic duct.  
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thoracic duct   the lymph vessel that empties lymph from the lower half and upper left quadrant of the body into the left subclavian vein.  
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lymph node   a small mass of lymphatic tissue located along the pathway of a lymph vessel; produces some lymphocytes and destroys pathogens in the lymph.  
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plasma cells   a cell derived from an activated B cell that produces antibodies to a specific antigen.  
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lymph nodule   a small mass of lymphatic tissue located in a mucous membrane; destroys pathogens that penetrate mucous membranes.  
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tonsils   the lymph nodules in the mucosa of the pharynx, the palatine tonsils, and the adenoid; also the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue.  
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tonsillectomy   the surgical removal of the palatine tonsils and/or adenoid.  
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Peyer's patches   the lymph nodules in the mucosa of the small intestine, especially in the ileum.  
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spleen   an organ located in the upper left abdominal quadrant behind the stomach; consists of lymphatic tissue that produces lymphocytes; also contains macrophages that phagocytize old red blood cells.  
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thymus   an organ made of lymphatic tissue located inferior to the thyroid gland; large in the fetus and child, and shrinks with age; produces T cells and hormones necessary for the maturation of the immune system.  
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self-recognition   the ability to distinguish the cells that belong in the body from those that do not.  
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self-tolerance   the ability not to react to proteins and other organic molecules our cells produce.  
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immunity   the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases.  
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antigens   chemical markers that identify cells.  
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natural killer cells   a type of lymphocyte that is not specific and is part of innate immunity; kills pathogens and tumor cells by direct contact.  
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interferons   (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-interferons) are proteins produced by cells infected with viruses and by T cells.  
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complement   a group of more than 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood until activated.  
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inflammation   a general response to damage of any kind: microbial, chemical, or physical.  
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cytokines   chemicals released by activated T cells that attract macrophages. are also released by many cells and tissues as part of cellular communication.  
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cell-mediated immunity   the mechanism of adaptive immunity that does not involve antibody production, but rather the destruction of foreign antigens by the activities of T cells and macrophages.  
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antibody-mediated immunity   the mechanism of adaptive immunity that involves antibody production and the destruction of foreign antigens by the activities of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. (Syn.-humoral immunity)  
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antibody   a protein molecule produced by plasma cells that is specific for and will bond to a particular foreign antigen. (Syn.-gamma globulin, immune globulin)  
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opsonization   the action of antibodies or complement that upon binding to a foreign antigen attracts macrophages and facilitates phagocytosis.  
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vaccines   a preparation of a foreign antigen that is administered by injection or other means in order to stimulate an antibody response to provide immunity to a particular pathogen.  
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agglutination   "clumping", this is what happens when antibodies bind to bacterial cells.  
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genetic immunity   the immunity provided by the genetic makeup of a species; reflects the inability of certain pathogens to cause disease in certain host species.  
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acquired immunity   the immunity obtained upon exposure to a pathogen or a vaccine or upon reception of antibodies for a particular pathogen.  
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passive immunity   the immunity provided by the reception of antibodies from another source; may be natural (placental, breast milk) or artificial (injection of gamma globulins).  
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active immunity   the immunity provided by the production of antibodies after exposure to a foreign antigen; may be natural (recovery from disease) or artificial (reception of a vaccine).  
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