Neurmuscular Disorders
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First generation relative increases risk over 20 times | MS
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Demyelinating disease of the CNS | MS
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Mainly affects white matter | MS
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Most common nontraumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults | MS
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Cause is unknown | MS, GBS
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Possibly due to an abnormal immune response | MS
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Most common in cooler northern climates | MS
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Smoking is a risk factor | MS
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One symptom is spasticity | MS
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Fatigue may be made worse by hot temperatures | MS
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May have problems with memory | MS
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McDonald's criteria used for diagnosis; gold standard for diagnosis | MS
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Has different clinical patterns | MS
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Relapsing-remitting is the most common clinical pattern | MS
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Acute idiopathic polyneuritis | GBS
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Affects any age | GBS
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No ethnic differences | GBS
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Disease of peripheral nervous system | GBS
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Rapid onset of symptoms | GBS
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Paralysis progressing symmetrically up from lower extremities | GBS
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Decreased deep tendon reflexes | GBS
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Elevated protein in spinal fluid | GBS
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History of febrile illness 1-3 weeks prior | GBS
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History of immunization or vaccine | GBS
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Usually do not get this more than once | GBS
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Cardinal signs include rigidity, tremor and bradycardia | Parkinson's disease
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Shuffling gait, arms at side | Parkinson's disease
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May result in dementia | Parkinson's disease
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Lack of dopamine | Parkinson's disease
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Autoimmune reaction, inflammatory response | Lupus (SLE)
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Affects all body systems | Lupus (SLE)
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Renal failure is a leading cause of death | Lupus (SLE)
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Affects females more than males with average age about 30 years | Lupus (SLE)
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Affects blacks more than whites | Lupus (SLE)
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Low grade fever | Lupus (SLE)
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Butterfly rash | Lupus (SLE)
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Arthritis-like pain | Lupus (SLE)
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Abnormal ANA titer | Lupus (SLE)
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Alopecia | Lupus (SLE)
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Sores in nose or mouth | Lupus (SLE)
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Cardiac abnormalities | Lupus (SLE)
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Deficit of acetylcholine | Myasthenia Gravis
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Defect at myoneural junction | Myasthenia Gravis
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Possible autoimmune etiology | Myasthenia Gravis
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Affects women more than men, ages 20-30 years | Myasthenia Gravis
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Disease of muscle weakness | Myasthenia Gravis
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Abnormal skeletal muscle fatigue | Myasthenia Gravis
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Ptosis, diplopia | Myasthenia Gravis
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Motor loss but not sensory | ALS
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Muscle wasting | ALS
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Rapidly progressive and terminal | ALS
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May be due to virus, bacteria, environmental toxin? | ALS
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Onset between 40-70 years of age | ALS
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Life expectancy is short (generally less than 3 years) | ALS
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Stephen Hawking is most famous person with this who is still living | ALS
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Weakness and wasting of upper extremities | ALS
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Speech, chewing, swallowing obviously affected | ALS
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Death is often from respiratory failure or aspiration | ALS
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EMG and SER might be abnormal | ALS
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Rule-out Lyme disease | ALS
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Dominantly inherited | Huntington's Chorea
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Rare genetic disease | Huntington's Chorea
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Degeneration of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex | Huntington's Chorea
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Choreiform movements | Huntington's Chorea
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Progressive movements | Huntington's Chorea
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Diagnosed between ages 35-45 | Huntington's Chorea
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Affects both males and females | Huntington's Chorea
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No lab tests helpful | Huntington's Chorea
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Signs/symptoms include rapid onset of symptoms, abnormal sensations, decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes | GBS
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Two treatements for GBS that suppress the body's immune response | Plasmapheresis and IV gamma-globulin
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Side effects of plasmapheresis | Hypotension and mortality
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What are the most common deficits of GBS? | Fatigue and paralysis
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Epstein-barr virus and lack of vitamin D exposure are risk factors for what disease? | MS
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Where can lesions of MS be located? | Brain or spinal cord
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How is the expanded disability status scale used? | Ranks neurological impairment in someone who has MS
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Signs/symptoms include blurred vision, color distortion, loss of vision in one eye, eye pain, speech impediment, tremors, dizziness, ataxia, impaired mobility, paresthesia | MS
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Signs/symptoms include dysarthria, dysphonia and dysphagia | MS
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What type of bladder can someone with MS have? | Uninhibited, reflexic or areflexic
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How is primary-progressive clinical pattern of MS described? | A steady increase without flare-ups (10-15%)
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How is relapse-remitting clinical pattern of MS described? | Acute attacks that are well-defined; can be followed by full recovery or residual deficit (85%)
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How is progressive-relapsing clinical pattern of MS described? | Steady decline since onset; progress clinically with acute relapses (5%)
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How is secondary-progressive clinical pattern of MS described? | Long-term outcome of relapsing-remitting; gradual worsening of the disease that is independent of continued exacerbations (50% of those presenting with relapsing-remitting)
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What are the combination of therapies used to treat MS? | Disese-modifying therapies, management of acute relapses, symptomatic treatments, and rehabilitation management
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What are used to treat the symptoms of MS? | Steroids, immunosuppressants, antispasmodics, bowel and bladder medications
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What is amantidine (Symmetrel) used to treat in MS? | Tremor and rigidity
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What is propanolol used to treat in MS? | Tremors
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What disease-modifying agents are used to treat MS? | Betaseron (interferon beta 1b), Rebif (interferon beta 1a), Avonex (interferon beta 1a), Copaxone (glatiramir acetate), and Novantrone (mitoxantrone)
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For what clinical pattern(s) of MS is Betaseron used? | Relapsing-remitting
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For what clinical pattern(s) of MS is Rebif used? | Relapsing forms
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For what clinical pattern(s) of MS is Copaxone used? | Relapsing-remitting
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For what clinical pattern of MS is Avonex used? | Relapsing form and single clinical episode
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What type of drug is Novantrone? | Antineoplastic
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For what clinical pattern(s) of MS is Novantrone used? | Rapidly worsening relapsing-remitting and progressive-relapsing or secondary-progressive
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What is a motor paralytic bladder? | Can have motor function but not sensory function
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What is a medication used for Parkinson's disease? | Levadopa
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What medications are used to treat lupus? | Corticosteroids for the inflammation, as well as NSAIDs and aspirin
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What two diseases share the characteristic of a mask-like expression? | Parkinson's disease and myasthenia gravis
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Myasthenia gravis can be fatal if it affects what muscles? | Intercostal and diaphragm muscles
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What medication is used to treat Myasthenia Gravis? | Mestinon
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What is the most common genetic disorder seen in rehab? | Huntington's chorea
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What neurotransmitter is found in increased levels in the serum and spinal fluid of someone with ALS? | Glutamate
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What does EMG assess with regards to ALS? | Electromyography test that assesses muscle weakness
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What medication is the drug of choice to treat ALS that has been approved by the FDA? | Riluzole
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What medications make-up the three drug cocktail used to treat ALS? | Riluzole, minocycline (antibiotic), and nimodipine (calcium channel blocker)
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What medication should be used with caution (or not used) to treat ALS? | -statins
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What is the most important nursing intervention in regards to ALS? | Emotional support
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For which neurologic disease is genetic counseling needed? | Huntington's chorea
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For which neurologic disease is the care plan similar to that for Alzheimer's? | Huntington's chorea
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For which neurologic disease is there no effective cure or treatment? | Huntington's chorea
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For which neurlogic disease is there no cure but you treat the symptoms? | ALS
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What class of medications are used to treat Myasthenia Gravis? | Anticholinesterase drugs
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How long does someone with Myasthenia Gravis need to take their medication (Mestinon)? | The rest of their lives
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Which of the neurological disorders are autoimmune-mediated disorders? | GBS and MS
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Which of the neurological disorders are degenerative disorders? | Parkinson's disease, ALS, and Huntington's chorea
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What muscle relaxants can be used to treat spasticity in neurological disorders? | Baclofen, and dantrolene sodium (Dantrium)
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What benzodiazepines can be used to treat spasticity in neurological disorders? | Diazepam (Valium)
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What anticonvulsants can be used to treat spasticity in neurological disorders? | Gabapentin (Neurontin)
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What antiviral medication is used to treat fatigue related to neurological disorders? | Amantadine (Symmetrel)
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What central nervous system stimulant is used to treat fatigue related to neurological disorders? | Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
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