Chapters 1-9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aufbau Priciple | electrons full orbitals from the bottom up
🗑
|
||||
electron configuration | the location of electrons in an atom
🗑
|
||||
Hund's rule | electrons will go into an empty orbital rather than one with another electron
🗑
|
||||
diamagnetic | atoms with no unpaired electrons
🗑
|
||||
paramagnetic | atoms with unpaired electrons
🗑
|
||||
condensed configuration | use the noble gas to the "left"
🗑
|
||||
electron configuration of Copper | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
🗑
|
||||
Electron configuration of Chromiunm | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
🗑
|
||||
ground state | electrons in the lowest possible energy levels
🗑
|
||||
excited state | an electron is moved into a higher level
🗑
|
||||
effective nuclear charge | the amount of "pull" the valence electrons feel
increases left to right across period
does not change up to down in a group
🗑
|
||||
Zeff | Zeff= Z-S
Z(# of protons)
S(# of shielding electrons)
🗑
|
||||
valence electrons | electrons in the outermost shell
🗑
|
||||
shielding electrons | the electrons that are not valence, the inner electrons
🗑
|
||||
Atomic Radius | distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons
increases from top to bottom within a group
decreases left to right across a period
🗑
|
||||
Ionization energy | the amount of energy needed to remove a valence electron from an atom
decreases from top to bottom within a group
increases left to right within a period
🗑
|
||||
electronegativity | the measure of how much an atom "hogs" electrons in a covalent bond
decreases moving down within a group
increases left to right within a period
🗑
|
||||
reactivity | nonmetals increases left to right within a period, metals decrease
🗑
|
||||
matter | has mass and occupies space
🗑
|
||||
element | cannot be broken down
🗑
|
||||
compound | bonded atoms of different elements
🗑
|
||||
atoimc element | an element with only one mmolecule
🗑
|
||||
molecular element | an element with more than one molecule
🗑
|
||||
homogeneous mixture | a mixture where everything is evenly dispursed
🗑
|
||||
heterogeneous mixture | a mixture with a clear division between the different particles
🗑
|
||||
chemical change | one substance is destroyed and another is created, irreversible
🗑
|
||||
physical change | the arrangement of molecules is changed, reversible
🗑
|
||||
indicators of chemical change | colour change, giving off heat/light, absorbing heat, bubbling, precipitate forming
🗑
|
||||
solid | rigid structure, definite shape, dense, not compressible
🗑
|
||||
liquid | takes the shape of container, dense, not compressible
🗑
|
||||
gas | fills the container it is in, low density, compressible
🗑
|
||||
phase change | when matter goes from one state to another, physical change
🗑
|
||||
heat | the energy of moving particles
🗑
|
||||
physical property | can be determined without hanging the identity of the object, size. shape, density, boiling point, melting point
🗑
|
||||
chemical property | can be determined by changing a substance
🗑
|
||||
filtration | separates particles based on size
🗑
|
||||
settling | seperates particles based on density
🗑
|
||||
chromatography | separates based on traveling distance, mass
🗑
|
||||
distillation | separates based on boiling point
🗑
|
||||
meaursing | go to one place more than the tool gives you
🗑
|
||||
sig figs, with a decimal point | Moving from left to right, count from the first nonzero digit to the final digit
🗑
|
||||
sig figs without a decimal point | Moving from left to right, count from the first nonzero digit to the last nonzero
digit
🗑
|
||||
adding/subtracting with fig figs | answer has the same decimal place as problem
🗑
|
||||
multiplying/diving with sig figs | answer has the same sig figs as problem
🗑
|
||||
precision | consistency
🗑
|
||||
accurate | how close it is to the true value
🗑
|
||||
average deviation | a measurement of variation for a set of data
🗑
|
||||
percent error | a measurement of the accuracy of the data
🗑
|
||||
systematic error | an error that effects the whole lab, every data point
🗑
|
||||
random error | happens for only one data set, not continuous
🗑
|
||||
molecular compounds | made of two non-metals
🗑
|
||||
ionic compound | made of a metal and a non-metal
🗑
|
||||
covalent bond | holds together a molecular compounds, atoms share electrons
🗑
|
||||
ionic bond | holds together an ionic compound, atoms stick toghether
🗑
|
||||
poly-atomic ion | made of multiple atoms, behaves like a single particle
🗑
|
||||
nitrate | NO3 (-1)
🗑
|
||||
sulfate | SO4 (-2)
🗑
|
||||
phosphate | PO4 (-3)
🗑
|
||||
ammomium | NH4 (+1)
🗑
|
||||
carbonate | CO3 (-2)
🗑
|
||||
bicarbonate | HCO3 (-1)
🗑
|
||||
hydroxide | OH (-1)
🗑
|
||||
acetate | C2H3O2 (-1)
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 1 | mono
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 2 | di
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 3 | tri
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 4 | tetra
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 5 | penta
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 6 | hexa
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 7 | hepta
🗑
|
||||
molecular compound prefix: 8 | octo
🗑
|
||||
one mole | 6.022*10^23 particles(atoms)
🗑
|
||||
molar mass | the mass of one mole of an element
🗑
|
||||
solving for moles | grams/molar mass
🗑
|
||||
solving for grams | molar mass*moles
🗑
|
||||
solving for molar mass | grams/moles
🗑
|
||||
molecular formula | the number of every atoms is shown in the subscripts
🗑
|
||||
empirical formula | the ratio of elements is shown in the subscripts
🗑
|
||||
how to find molecular formula | experimental molar mass/empirical molar mass=multiple
🗑
|
||||
percent composition | the percentage by mass of each element in a compund
🗑
|
||||
how to find the empirical formula from percent composition | percent -> Mass -> moles / smallest * till whole
🗑
|
||||
chemical equation | the description of a chemical reaction
🗑
|
||||
reactants | chemicals to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation
🗑
|
||||
producats | chemicals to the rights of the arrow in a chemical equation, what the reaction creates
🗑
|
||||
state symbols | the phase of matter a chemical is in, states in parentheses in a chemical equation
🗑
|
||||
aqueous | a chemical dissolved in water
🗑
|
||||
coefficients | indicate the number of molecules needed in a chemical equation
🗑
|
||||
catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, written above the arrow in a chemical equation
🗑
|
||||
Δ | indicates that reactants should be heated in a chemical reaction
🗑
|
||||
law of conservation of mass | matter can not be created of destroyed
🗑
|
||||
Stoichiometry | mathematics of the molar ratios in a chemical reaction
🗑
|
||||
limiting reactant/reagent | the chemical that is used up first in a chemical equation
🗑
|
||||
ICE chart | Initial, change, end. Written in moles
🗑
|
||||
theoretical yield | the maximum amount of product that can be made given the limiting reagent
🗑
|
||||
percent yield | the percent of product made compared to the amount of product that could have been made
🗑
|
||||
calculating percent yield | (actual amount of product/theoretical yield) *100
🗑
|
||||
synthesis | A + B -> AB
🗑
|
||||
decomposition | AB -> A + B
🗑
|
||||
Single replacment | A + BC -> B + AC
🗑
|
||||
double replacement | AB + CD -> CB + AD
🗑
|
||||
Combustion | CxHyOz + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
🗑
|
||||
combustion tricks | coefficient of CH is half of H2O
Subscript of C in CH is same of coefficient of C
🗑
|
||||
diatomic 7 | elements that can only live alone is groups of 2
🗑
|
||||
the elements of diatomic 7 | hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
🗑
|
||||
atomism | the idea that everything is made of atoms
🗑
|
||||
Democritus | Greek philospher credited with the idea of atomism
🗑
|
||||
Joseph Proust | French scientist credited with Law of definite proportions
🗑
|
||||
Law of Definite Proportions | Any given compound always
contains the same ratio of element
🗑
|
||||
John Dalton | English scientist credited with law of multiple proportions
🗑
|
||||
Law of Multiple proportions | If two elements can form two or more different
compounds, a fixed amount of the first element will combine with whole number
multiples of the second element.
🗑
|
||||
J. J. Thomphson | discovered the electron
🗑
|
||||
Plum pudding model | created by Thompson, shows the electron in the atom
🗑
|
||||
Robert Millikan | Used oil can experiment to determine the charge of an electron
🗑
|
||||
charge of an electron | 1.602 × 10^-19coulombs or 1 atomic unit
🗑
|
||||
Ernest Rutherford | Uses the gold foil experiment to discover the nucleus
🗑
|
||||
line spectra | the wavelengths of light emitted by an element
🗑
|
||||
electromagnetic (EM) wave | the energy emitted from an atom when an electron "falls" back down
🗑
|
||||
frequency | the rate or level of energy
🗑
|
||||
wavelength | the distance between two waves of energy
🗑
|
||||
speed of light | 3.00 × 10^8 m/s
🗑
|
||||
electromagnetic spectrum | the range of electromagnetic waves and frequencies
🗑
|
||||
spectroscope | used to see the different wavelengths of light emitted by an element
🗑
|
||||
Niels Bohr | came up with the idea of electron orbits
🗑
|
||||
quantized electrons | Only certain distances from the nucleus (energy levels) were allowed
🗑
|
||||
orbits | set paths for electrons
🗑
|
||||
Werner Heisenberg | developed the uncertainty principle
🗑
|
||||
uncertainty principle | it is impossible
to know the exact position of an electron
🗑
|
||||
orbital | the region in which an electron could be present
🗑
|
||||
proton | +1 charge, 1 atomic mass
🗑
|
||||
nuetron | neutral charge, 1 atomic mass
🗑
|
||||
electron | -1 charge, ≈0 atomic mass
🗑
|
||||
atomic number | the number of protons in a nucleus
🗑
|
||||
isotype | 2 atoms of the same element (same # of protons), but with different masses
🗑
|
||||
atomic mass | the weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
🗑
|
||||
electrical charge | the overall charge of an atom based on the # of protons and electrons
🗑
|
||||
strong force | the force that keeps the atom together
🗑
|
||||
ratio of neutrons to protons for small nuclei | 1:1
🗑
|
||||
ratio of nuetrons to protons for large sucli | 1.5:1
🗑
|
||||
most stable nuclei | nickel and iron
🗑
|
||||
binding energy | energy released by the particles when the strong force is applied
🗑
|
||||
mass defect | the amount of mass lost when the binding energy is released
🗑
|
||||
radiation | high speed subatomic particles, a type of electromagnetic radiation
🗑
|
||||
alpha decay | the nucleus emits and alpha particle, a cluster of 2 protons and 2 nuetrons
🗑
|
||||
beta decay | the nucleus emits a beta particle, which is an electron
🗑
|
||||
gamma emission | electromagnetic wave than is emitted, no charge or mass
🗑
|
||||
electron capture | the nucleus gains an electron, and emits x-rays
🗑
|
||||
positron emission | the nucleus emits a positron, a positively charged electron
🗑
|
||||
predicting nuclear decay | above 82 protons; beta decay
less than 82 protons; alpha decay
🗑
|
||||
decay chain | the continuous decay of an atom until it reaches stability
🗑
|
||||
fission | when a nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei
🗑
|
||||
critical mass | atom is just large enough to sustain the chain reaction
🗑
|
||||
super-critical mass | when the atom is too charge to sustain the chain reaction
🗑
|
||||
nuclear reactor | uses fission of uranium to create energy
🗑
|
||||
half life | the time it takes for a sample of radioactive material to decay
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
T800
Popular Chemistry sets