Spinal Anatomy
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| gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells | ectoderm
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| forms axial skeleton | notochord
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| forms neural plate | ectoderm
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| forms neural groove which houses spinal cord and brain vesicles | neural plate
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| "MOANER" | neural plate
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| forms the lining of the digestive tube & its associated structures | endodern epithelium
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| glands of buccal cavity, pharyngeal pouches & pharynx | foregut
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| duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon | midgut
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| part of transverse, sigmoid & descending colon, rectum, & upper anal canel | hindgut
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| urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate & urethral glands | allantois
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| forms sclerotome, myotome, dermatome | somite cells
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| between interatrial septum, becomes fossa ovalis | foramen ovale
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| bypasses lung pulmonary veins & left ventricle, becomes ligamentum arteriosum | ductus arteriosus
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| bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver, becomes ligamentum venosum | ductus venosus
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| becomes ligamentum teres | umbilical vein
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| becomes medial umbilical ligaments | umbilical arteries
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| telencephalon, diencephalon | prosencephalon
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| metencephalon, myelencephalon | rhombencephalon
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| separates lateral ventricles | septum pellicidum
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| 1&2 to 3rd ventricle | foramen of monroe
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| cerebral acqueduct of sylvius | mesencephalon
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| caudate and putamen | striatum
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| putamen and globus pallidus | lentiform nucleus
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| fastigial, globus, emboliform, dentate | cerebellar nuclei (medial to lateral, small to large)
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| 140 ml | CSF
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| inside out (pia, arachnoid, dura) | meninges
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| choroid plexus, ependymal cells | produce CSF
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| resorbs CSF | arachnoid granulations
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| crude sensation and integrations (relay center) | thalamus
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| conscious interpretation and movement | cortex
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| main pathway between thalamus and cortex | through internal capsule and corona radiata
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| primary sensory cortex | postcentral gyrus
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| primary motor cortex | precentral gyrus
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| precise & skilled voluntary movement | corticospinal
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| influence unskilled voluntary movements and reflex activity | reticulospinal
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| reflex postural movement and visual stimuli | tectospinal
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| facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors | rubrospinal
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| facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors for BALANCE | vestibulospinal
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| pain and temperature, Tract of Lissauer, Substance P, Syringomyelia | Lateral Spinothalamic
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| crude light touch, Tract of Lissauer | Anterior Spinothalamic
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| discriminative touch (2 point), vibration and conscious proprioception | Dorsal Columns (Cuneatus and Gracilis)
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| Unconscious proprioception, Clarks column, Posterior Inferior Peduncle "PI" | Posterior Spinocerebellar
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| Unconscious proprioception, Clarks column, Anterior Superior Peduncle "AS" | Anterior Spinocerebellar
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| spino visual reflexes, movements of eyes and head toward stimulus | Spinotectal
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| Levels of consciousness, if damaged coma present | Spinoreticular
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| Cutaneous & proprioceptive information | spino-olivary
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| C2,C3 - sensory to posterolateral neck | Lesser Occipital
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| C2,C3 - sensory to ear and parotid gland | Greater Auricular
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| C2,C3 - sensory to anterior and lateral neck | transverse cervical
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| C3,C4 - sensory to shoulder and anterior chest | Supraclavicular
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| C1-C4 - motor - geniohyoid & infrahyoid muscles of neck | ansa cervicalis
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| C1-C5 - motor - neck & scalenes, levator, trapezius, SCM | segmental branches
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| C3,C4,C5 - motor - diaphragm | phrenic
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| L2-L4 - sensory (thigh, leg, foot, hip, knee joints) motor (ant thigh, psoas, pectineus, iliacus) | femoral
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| L2-L4 - sensory (medial thigh & hip joint) motor (adductors, gracilis, obturator externus) | obturator
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| L2,L3 - sensory (lateral thigh, branches to peritoneum | lateral femoral cutaneous
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| L1 - sensory (lower abdomen, lower back & hip, anterolateral abdominal wall & pubic region) | iliohypogastric
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| L1 - sensory (external genitalia, thigh & abdominals) | ilioinguinal
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| L1,L2 - sensory (scrotum, labia, thigh & cremasterics) | genitofemoral
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| L4,L5, S1-S3 - motor (tibial & common peroneal | sciatic nerve
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| L4-S3 - sensory (posterior leg & foot) motor (all muscles back of thigh, leg & foot) | tibial
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| L4-S2 - sensory (anterior leg & dorsum foot) motor (peroneals, tibialis ant, extension of toe) | common peroneal (fibular)
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| L4,L5,S1 - motor (glut med, min, TFL) | superior gluteal
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| L5-S2 - motor (glut max) | inferior gluteal
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| S1-S3 - sensory (buttock, thigh, popliteal, calf & heel | posterior femoral cutaneous
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| S2-S4 - sensory (muscles of perineum) motor (external anal sphincter) | pudendal
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| Any nerve that innervates a muscle producing movement at a joint, also innervates the joint and skin too | Hilton's law
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| Lateral cord | musculocutaneous, median
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| posterior cord | axillary, radial
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| medial cord | median, ulnar
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| compresses the brachial plexus | anterior and middle scalenes, SCM, pec major
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| toe drag | common peroneal, deep peroneal, sciatic
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| wrist drop | radial n.
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| juntion of sphenoid, temporal, frontal & parietal bones) | pterion
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| cylindrical, largest, least in number, bitter receptor, 8-12, v-form, ant to sulcus terminalus | circumvallate
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| mushroom shaped, most numerous taste receptors | fungiform
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| thread-like, sensitive to touch (no taste) | filiform
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| embryonic thyroid diverticulum (depression in dorsum of tongue) | foramen caecum
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| anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, sour, salty) | CN VII
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| posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter) | CN IX
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| epiglottis & larynx | CN X
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| develops from ectoderm | retina
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| amacrine, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, rods and cones | retinal cells
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| center of macula lutea, provides greatest acuity, only cones | fovea centralis
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| blind spot, where optic nerve and vessels attach to eye | optic disc
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| controls lens shape | ciliary muscle
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| angular acceleration and deceleration | semicircular canals
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| linear acceleration | utricle and saccule
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| cribiform plate and crista galli | ethmoid
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| hard palate, palatine, and orbital processes | maxillary
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| sella turcica, foramen ovale, rotundum, lacerum, spinosum | sphenoid
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| sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary | orbit
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| between occipital and parietal | lambdoidal suture
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| true ribs | 1-7
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| false ribs | 8-12
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| vertebrochondral ribs | 8-10
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| manubrium, jugular notch | sternum (gladiolus)
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| manubrium and sternum meet (2nd rib attachment) | angle of louis
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| serratus anterior | 1-8 ribs
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| level of hyoid bone | C3
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| level of cornus of thyroid | C4
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| level of body of thyroid | C5
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| level of cricoid cartilage | C6
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| level of carotid cartilage | C6
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| pedicle, facets, body, disc | boundaries of IVF
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| ends at L1/L2 | spinal cord
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| joints of lushka | C2-C6
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| lowest level of vertebral a through foramen | C6
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| cervical, thoracic | coronal plane
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| lumbar | sagittal plane
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