terms only
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Sociological imagination | the
ability to connect the most
basic, intimate aspects of an
individual’s life to seemingly
impersonal and remote
historical forces.
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Social institution | a complex
group of interdependent
positions that, together,
perform a social role and
reproduce themselves over
time; also defined in a narrow
sense as any institution in a
society that works to shape
the behavior of the groups or
people
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Verstehen | German:
understanding. The concept
of Verstehen forms the object
of inquiry for interpretive
sociologyto study how social
actors understand their actions
and the social world through
experience.
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Anomie | a sense of aimlessness
or despair that arises when
we can no longer reasonably
expect life to be predictable;
too little social regulation;
normlessness.
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Positivist sociology | a
strain within sociology that
believes the social world can
be described and predicted
by certain describable
relationships (akin to a social
physics).
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Double consciousness | a
concept conceived by W. E. B.
DuBois to describe the two
behavioral scripts, one for
moving through the world
and the other incorporating
the external opinions of
prejudiced onlookers, which
are constantly maintained by
African America
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Functionalism | the theory
that various social institutions
and processes in society exist
to serve some important (or
necessary) function to keep
society running.
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Conflict theory | the idea that
conflict between competing
interests is the basic, animating
force of social change and
society in general.
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Symbolic interactionism | a
microlevel theory in which
shared meanings, orientations,
and assumptions form the
basic motivations behind
people’s actions.
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Postmodernism | a condition
characterized by a questioning
of the notion of progress and
history, the replacement of
narrative within pastiche,
and multiple, perhaps even
conflicting, identities resulting
from disjointed affi liations.
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Social construction | an entity
that exists because people
behave as if it exists and whose
existence is perpetuated as
people and social institutions
act in accordance with the
widely agreedupon formal
rules or informal norms of
behavior associated with that
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Midrange theory | a theory
that attempts to predict how
certain social institutions tend
to function.
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Microsociology | seeks to
understand local interactional
contexts; its methods of
choice are ethnographic,
generally including participant
observation and indepth
interviews.
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Macrosociology | generally
concerned with social
dynamics at a higher level of
analysisthat is, across the
breadth of a society.
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Socialization | the process by
which individuals internalize
the values, beliefs, and norms
of a given society and learn to
function as members of that
society.
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Self | the individual identity of
a person as perceived by that
same person.
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I | one’s sense of agency, action,
or power
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Me | the self as perceived as an
object by the “I”; the self as one
imagines others perceive one.
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Other | someone or something
outside of oneself.
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Generalized other | an
internalized sense of the total
expectations of others in a
variety of settingsregardless
of whether we’ve encountered
those people or places before.
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Resocialization | the process
by which one’s sense of social
values, beliefs, and norms
are reengineered, often
deliberately through an intense
social process that may take
place in a total institution.
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Total institution | an institution
in which one is totally
immersed and that controls all
the basics of daytoday life;
no barriers exist between the
usual spheres of daily life, and
all activity occurs in the same
place and under the same
single authority.
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Status | a recognizable social
position that an individual
occupies.
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Role | the duties and behaviors
expected of someone who
holds a particular status.
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Role strain | the incompatibility
among roles corresponding to
a single status.
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Role conflict | the tension
caused by competing demands
between two or more roles
pertaining to different statuses.
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Status set | all the statuses one
holds simultaneously
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Ascribed status | a status into
which one is born; involuntary
status.
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Achieved status | a status into
which one enters; voluntary
status.
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Master status | one status
within a set that stands out or
overrides all others
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Gender roles | sets of behavioral
norms assumed to accompany
one’s status as male or female
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Symbolic interactionism | a
microlevel theory in which
shared meanings, orientations,
and assumptions form the
basic motivations behind
people’s actions.
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Dramaturgical theory | the view
(advanced by Erving Goffman)
of social life as essentially a
theatrical performance, in
which we are all actors on
metaphorical stages, with roles,
scripts, costumes, and sets.
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Face | the esteem in which an
individual is held by others.
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Ethnomethodology | literally
“the methods of the people,”
this approach to studying
human interaction focuses on
the ways in which we make
sense of our world, convey this
understanding to others, and
produce a shared social order
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Endogamy | Within social group
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Exogamy | Outside group
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Monogamy | One partner
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Polygamy | Multiple partners
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Polyandry | Multiple husbands
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Polygyny | Multiple wives
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hidden curriculum | nonacademic and less overt
socialization functions of
schooling
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Education | the process through
which academic, social, and
cultural ideas and tools, both
general and specific, are
developed.
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Social capital | the information,
knowledge of people, and
connections that help
individuals enter, gain power
in, or otherwise leverage social
networks.
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cultural capital | symbolic and
interactional resources that
people use to their advantage
in various situations.
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Stereotype threat | when
members of a negatively
stereotyped group are placed in
a situation where they fear they
may confirm those stereotypes
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resource dilution model | hypothesis stating that parental
resources are finite and that
each additional child dilutes
them.
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dyad | group of 2
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triad | group of 3 or more
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tertius gaudens | the new third
member of a triad who benefits
from conflict between the other
two members of the group.
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Divide et impera | the role
of a member of a triad who
intentionally drives a wedge
between the other two actors
in the group.
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Social deviance | any
transgression of socially
established norms.
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Crime | the violation of laws
enacted by society.
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Social cohesion | social bonds;
how well people relate to each
other and get along on a day
today basis.
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Mechanical or segmental solidarity | social
cohesion based on difference
and interdependence of the
parts.
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Organic solidarity | social
cohesion based on difference
and interdependence of the
parts
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Social control | those
mechanisms that create
normative compliance in
individuals
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Formal social sanctions | mechanisms of social control
by which rules or laws prohibit
deviant criminal behavior.
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Informal social sanctions | the usually unexpressed but
widely known rules of group
membership; the unspoken
rules of social life.
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Social integration | how well
you are integrated into your
social group or community.
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Social regulation | the number
of rules guiding your daily life
and, more specifically, what
you can reasonably expect
from the world on a daytoday
basis.
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Egoistic suicide | suicide that
occurs when one is not well
integrated into a social group.
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Altruistic suicide | suicide that
occurs when one experiences
too much social integration
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Anomie | a sense of aimlessness
or despair that arises when
we can no longer reasonably
expect life to be predictable;
too little social regulation.
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Anomic suicide | suicide that
occurs as a result of insufficient
social regulation.
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Fatalistic suicide | suicide that
occurs as a result of too much
social regulation.
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Strain theory | Merton’s theory
that deviance occurs when
a society does not give all
its members equal ability to
achieve socially acceptable
goals.
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Conformist | individual who
accepts both the goals and
strategies to achieve them
that are considered socially
acceptable.
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Ritualist | individual who rejects
socially defined goals but not
the means.
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Innovator | social deviant who
accepts socially acceptable
goals but rejects socially
acceptable means to achieve
them.
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Retreatist | one who rejects both
socially acceptable means and
goals by completely retreating
from, or not participating in,
society.
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Rebel | individual who rejects
both traditional goals and
traditional means and wants
to alter or destroy the social
institutions from which he or
she is alienated
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Labeling theory | the belief that
individuals subconsciously
notice how others see or label
them, and their reactions to
those labels, over time, form
the basis of their selfidentity.
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Primary deviance | the first act
of rule breaking that may incur
a label of “deviant” and thus
influence how people think
about and act toward you.
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Secondary deviance | subsequent acts of rule
breaking that occur after
primary deviance and as a
result of your new deviant label
and people’s expectations of
you.
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Stigma | a negative social label
that not only changes others’
behavior toward a person
but also alters that person’s
own selfconcept and social
identity.
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Broken windows theory of deviance | theory explaining
how social context and
social cues impact whether
individuals act deviantly;
specifically, whether local,
informal social norms allow
deviant acts.
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