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Theory of Programming Language

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Question
Answer
What language was originally developed by Ken Thompson at Bell labs in conjunction with the design of UNIX operating system?   C  
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Who was the backing power for Cobalt?   IBM  
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Who was the backing power for ADA?   United States Department of Defence  
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What is the interaction between assembly language and machine language?   one to one  
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what is generally considered the first high level programming language?   Fortran  
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What is a Just in Time Compiler?   A programming system that deliberately delays compilation until last possible moment  
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What era was the first program written?   1940's  
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What program did Microsoft first support?   C#  
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In what circumstance does it make sense to program in an assembler language?   When you are programming a specialty program  
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What are the names of two widely used Concurrent languages today?   Java and C#  
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What was the first functional language?   Lisp  
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Is Java compiled or interpreted?   Both  
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What is P-Code?   A notation resembling a simplified programming language, used in program design.  
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What is bootstrapping?   When a compiler is used to compile itself  
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What languages can write new pieces of itself?   Lisp, Prolog and Python  
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What is typically used as a target program in a compiler?   Machine language  
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What is commonly know as microcode in a day to day computer?   Firmware  
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What is a Token when working with programming?   The smallest meaningful unit of a program  
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What does the code generation phase of a compiler perform?   Translates the intermediate for into target language  
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What is the purpose of a compiler's symbol table?   Maps an identifier to the information known about it.  
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What is syntax?   The set of rules that defines the combination of symbols that are considered to be a correctly structured document or fragment in that language.  
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What is Semantics?   The relation between signifires, like words, phrases, signs and symbols and what they stand for.  
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Tokens are constructed from independent characters using three kinds of format rules?   True  
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What is Backus-Naur form?   Context free grammar  
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When discussing context free grammar, what is a derivation? What is a sentimental form?   A series of replacement characters that show how to derive a string in terminals from the start symbol, each string of sybols  
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What is pragmas?   Constructs that provide directives or hints the the compiler  
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are significant comments are considered pragmas?   True  
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What is the process when up-coming characters are examined by a scanner in order to make a decission?   Look Ahead  
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What is the "longest possible token rule?"   Whenever a legitimate token is a prefix to another token, we should continue scanning  
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How does a scanner identify lexical errors? How does it respond?   When characters input is neither an acceptable continuation of the current token nor the start of another token. It prints and error message.  
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Why must a scanner save the text of tokens?   To make it easier to generate high quality error messages in subsequent phases.  
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What is the difference between keyword and identifier?   Identifiers can be redefined to have different meanings keywords cannot.  
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What is the significant meaning of LL?   Left to Rigt, left most deviation  
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Compilers are the same as assembler, just a newer version?   False  
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What is a syntax error?   When a character or string is incorrectly placed in a command or instruction that causes a failure in execution.  
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Formal languages can be grouped into classes known as the Chomsky Hierarchy. How many ways can the classes be characterized?   2  
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What is the following model performing? Read A Read B Sum := A+B Write Sum Write Sum/2   Summation and division of two items  
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What does DFA stand for in referencing programming?   Deterministic finite automation  
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What kind of parser is produced by Yacc/Bison?   LALR  
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What is binding time?   The time at which a name is associated with a particular object and the time at which an answer is associated with any open question in language or program.  
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A top-down parser constructs a parse tree starting from the roots and proceeding in a left-to-right depth-first traversal?   True  
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What determines whether an object is allocated statically, on the stack or in a heap?   The object lifetime  
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What are object and information commonly found in a stack frame?   Prologue, Epilogue and Calling Sequence  
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What is a frame pointer?   A pointer used by a compiler for a particular register that always points to a know location  
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What is a calling sequence?   The code executed by the caller immediately before and after the call and of the prologue and epilogue of the subroutine itself.  
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External Fragmentation is where data is allocates a block that is longer than needed; Internal fragmentation is when the block tha have been assigned to an object are scattered through the heap   False  
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What is garbage collection?   The process in which a mechanism identifies and reclaims unreachable objects  
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What is an issue that created by improper or absent garbage collection?   Memory Leaks  
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What is a dangling reference?   The deallocation of an object to soon  
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What is elaboration?   The process by which declaration become active when control first enters a scope  
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What is a static chain?   When a frame's static links, and those of its parents, grandparents, and so on are nested many levels deep.  
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