from the GI powerpoint in D2L
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Groups that have a higher incidence of esophageal caner | African Americans, Alaskans, Men, Ages 70-84
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| Risk factors for esophageal cancer | smoking
excessive alcohol
Barrett's metaplasia
esophageal injury
Achalasia-delayed emptying of lower esophagus
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| What is Barrett's metaplasia? | a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), primarily in white men. GERD is a disease in which there is reflux of acidic fluid from the stomach into the esophagus
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| What is Achalasia? | A muscular ring at the point where the esophagus and stomach come together normally relaxes during swallowing. In people with achalasia, this muscle ring does not relax as well. The reason for this problem is damage to the nerves of the esophagus.
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| Name two workplace exposures that could cause esophageal harm | Lye
Asbestos
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| Post operative goals for the post-operative esophageal cancer patient | maintenance of NG tube
Maintenance of airway
Prevention of respiratory complications
Nutrition
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| In what position would you place a post op esophageal cancer patient? | semi-fowler's
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| What intervention would help prevent respiratory complications in a post op esophageal cancer patient? | Incentive spirometry
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| What airway risk needs to be considered in a post op esophageal cancer patient | Risk for aspiration
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| What nursing diagnoses would you expect for a post op esophageal cancer patient with a poor prognosis? | anxiety
grieving
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| What is an esophagectomy? | removal of all or part of the esophagus with use of a dacron graft
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| What is an esophagogastrectomy? | resection of a portion of the esophagus with anastomosis of remaining portion to stomach
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| What is an esophagoenterostomy? | resection of a portion of the esophagus with anastamosis to colon
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| What type of tube is used with esophagogastrectomy? | Jejunostomy tube
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| symptoms of stomach cancer | weight loss
indigestion
abdominal pain
anemia
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| Risk/contributing factors to stomach cancer | H.pylori
autoimmune-related inflammation
smoking
anti-inflammatory agents
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| Post op care for total gastrectomy | observe for leaking from anastomosis site
monitor for dumping syndrome
replacement of vitamins
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| What is dumping syndrome? | undigested contents of your stomach move too rapidly into your small bowel. Common symptoms include abdominal cramps, nausea and diarrhea
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| Which vitamins need to be replaced following a total gastrectomy? | C, D, K, and the B-complex vitamins and cobalamine
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| What is a Billroth I? | gastroduodenostomy: the pylorus is removed and the proximal stomach is anastomosed directly to the duodenum
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| What is a Billroth II? | gastrojejunostomy: greater curvature of the stomach is connected to the first part of the jejunum
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| Name three complications of Billroth I or II surgery? | dumping syndrome
postprandial hypoglycemia
bile reflux gastritis
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| What lifestyle factors are associated with colorectal cancer? | obesity
smoking
alcohol
large intake of processed and/or red meat
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| Why is colorectal cancer so hard to detect early on? | Symptoms don't appear until the disease is well advanced, and people are reluctant to have the diagnostics done (colonoscopy)
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| What is colorectal cancer? | colorectal refers to the colon and the rectum, which together make up the large intestine. Colorectal cancer can originate anywhere in the large intestine
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| what causes colorectal cancer? | unknown. Research has shown that approximately 75% of colorectal cancers occur in people with no known risk factors.
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| What are the risk factors of colorectal cancer? | family history
history of colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer
ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
familial adenomatous polypsis
hereditary nonpolyposis
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| Who should be tested for colorectal cancer? | all men and women aged 50 or older
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| s/s of colorectal cancer | blood in or on stool
change in bowel habits
narrow stool
general, unexplained stomach discomfort
frequent gas, pains or indigestion
chronic fatigue
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| How are people tested for colorectal cancer? | fecal occult blood test
flexible sigmoidoscopy
colonoscopy
double contrast barium enema
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| How often should a fexible sigmoidoscopy be performed? | Every five years. If positive, a colonoscopy should be done
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| How often should a colonoscopy be done? | Every ten years
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| How often should a double-contrast barium enema be done? | Every five years
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| How often should a CT colonography be done? | Every five years
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| What is the only cure for CRC (colorectal cancer)? | surgery
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| When are chemotherapy and radiation used in the treatment of CRC? | When it has spread to the lymph nodes or nearby tissues.
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| What is the optimal surgical procedure in the treatment of CRC? | bowel resection with reanastomosis of remaining segments (left or right hemicolectomy)
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