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Age of the Reformation

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Question
Answer
why did many townspeople/peasants support religious revolt   they thought it would help them stay politically independent  
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where did the reformation first break out   imperial cities of germany and switzerland  
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What 3 conflicts within the church made the reformation possible?   great schism, conciliar movement, renaissance papacy  
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2 causes of reformation/criticism of church   lay people became more educated (traveled more + growth in literacy from printing press)  
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what was the modern devotion?   boarding school for laypeople who watned to practice individual piety, source of humanist, protestant, and catholic-reform movements  
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what was the modern devotion also known as?   brothers of the common life  
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what 3 things hurried the collapse of the church?   greater sense of religious identity + nationalism + better government  
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What was the problem with the benefice system?   it allowed people to buy important church positions and didn't enforce the rule that clergy had to live in the districts  
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what were 3 special rights that the church had during the Middle ages?   its properties were exempt from taxes + didn't have to do civic duties + immune from authority civil courts  
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what is luther's main doctrine   sola fide; justification by faith alone  
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What is an indulgence   permitted people to buy their way + deceased's way out of purgatory for sins and make up for it with good works  
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why were indulgences given originally?   to crusaders who could not complete penances because they had fallen in battle  
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Who was the most famous indulgence preacher?   John Tetzel  
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what are the 95 theses   luthers views against indulgences that he posted on door of church at wittenburg, first sign of rebellion  
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what did Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation urge?   urged German princes to force reforms on Roman church + limit its power  
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What did Luther argue in the Babylonian Captivity of the Church   said only 2 of the 7 sacraments were valid, lowered power of pope  
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What is a diet?   assembly of states of Holy Roman Empire  
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What happened at the Diet of Worms? What was the result and how did Luther react?   Luther presented his views to Emperor Charles V and the German states. Luther was ordered to withdraw but refused  
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What was the main ideal in Luther's Freedom of A Christian   Sola fide  
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Why did many German territorial princes support religious reforms?   they knew that the demise of the roman catholic church would give them economic + political opportunities  
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How did Luther's relationship with the peasants change? Why   first he supported the peasants because he thought they should have rights but then they started revolting so he called them un-christian (he didn't want to be part of a peasant revolt)  
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What were the 2 main preconditions of the Swiss Reformation?   growth in nationalism/opposition to foreign mercenary service and desire for church reforms after Councils of Constance and Basel  
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The Swiss Reformation was led by _____ who was inspired by _____   Ulrich Zwingli, erasmus  
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Why did Philip of Hesse organize the Marburg Colloquy? was it successful?   to unite Swiss + German protestants , no  
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What did Zwingli believe about religion? What did Luther believe?   Zwingli believed Christ was spiritually present in Eucharist , Luther believes Christ was spiritually and bodily present  
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What were the Anabaptists and what belief distinguished them?   radical protestant group that rejected infant baptism  
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who was the anabaptist founder? what was their stronghold   Conrad Grebel, munster  
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Who was closer to Catholicism? Zwingli or Luther?   Luther  
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What was the dominant protestant force in europe by the second half of the 16th century?   calvinism  
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What 2 things did Calvinists believe in Strongly   Divine predestination and individual responsibility to reorder society  
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What is John Calvins famous book?   Institutes of the Christian Religion  
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Who are the elect according to calvin? how should they behave?   Those who believe/live as instructed by the bible, should live in a god pleasing way  
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what was the major calvinist stronghold   geneva  
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What did the diet of Augsburg order? Why didnt it work?   that all Lutherans revert to catholicism,didnt work because reformation was too strong  
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What was the Augsburg Confession? How did Charles V react to it?   statement of protestant beliefs that the emperor had spurned at diet of augsburg  
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what german city became a lutheran stronghold   magdeburg  
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What did the Peace/Treaty of Augsburg do? What did it symbolize   It made the division of Christendom permanent by letting ruler of land decide its religion --> lutheran victory  
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what 2 major protestant groups were Not protected under the Peace of Augsburg   Anabaptists and Calvinists  
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How did King Henry VII earn the title defender of the faith   the pope gave it to him after he defended the 7 sacraments against Luther  
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what allowed the seeds of religious reform to take root   king henry vIII's unhappy marriage w/ Catherine of Aragon and obsession to get a male heir  
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what did the reformation parliament do in england   made laws that limited clergy  
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What were the only 2 things that really changed as a result of Henry's reforms?   the pope was no longer the head of the english church, english Bibles were placed in English churches  
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What was the Act of Supremacy (henry vIII)   declared Henry the only supreme head of church of england  
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What was the Act of Succession   made henrys 8th's kids legit heirs to throne  
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What did Henry's 6 Articles state   reaffirmed trans, denied eucharist cup to laity, celibacy CATHOLIC VALUES  
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Under Edward VI what happened in england   it became protestant  
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what was the act of uniformity   imposed thomas cranmer's book of common prayer on all english churches  
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what was the catholic counter reformation   movement to stop protestants + restore catholicism  
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What were 3 counter reformation groups?   Jesuits, Ursulines, Capuchins  
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What was the main doctrine of the jesuits? what was their nature   complete obedience to church, self discipline, very militant  
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who was the jesuit leader   ignatius of loyola  
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what was the main doctrine of the capuchins?   pious teachings of saint francis  
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Who were the ursulines?   religious order that promoted education for girls from all social classes  
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What did the Council of trent do?   reaffirmed catholic ideals, some reforms like stopped benefice system and clergy had to be educated  
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how did the role of women change after the reformation   had more importance +rights  
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what was the average family size during reformation   4-6  
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Why did people marry later during the reformation   had difficulty supporting themselves independently  
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Who most used wet nurses   noblewomen because they could afford it, convenience, vanity  
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why did the church condemn birth control   they said it was immoral because it went against nature  
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what were shakespeares major accomplishments   tragedies like romeo and juliet, historical plays like Richard III  
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What was Cervantes's major work? what did it compare   Don Quixote, compared realism with idealism, chivalry  
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