ME Path test 2
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define Abscess | an accumulation of dead cells, dead bacteria, and dead and dying white blood cells
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define acute inflammation | most often limited in area and duration and is characterized by the cardinal signs of inflammation, can occasionally be very extensive and involve multiple body organs or systems
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define adhesion | (or pavementing), a process in which white blood cells stick to the walls of blood vessels before emigration through endothelium
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define agranulocytes | nongranular leukocytes. more active during the later stages of the acute inflammatory process, are longer-lived and much slower to respond to the direction of chemical mediators
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define alternative pathway | activation of the complement system through immune complexes or bacterial endotoxins
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define alveolar osteitis | dry socket
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define angiogenesis | creation of new blood vessels from endothelial cells
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define bacteremia | bacteria in the blood
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define basophils | a granular leukocyte with an irregular shaped, two-lobed nucleus. play a role in inflammation related to allergic reactions
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define bradykinin | powerful chemical mediator that causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain
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what are the cardinal signs of inflammation | redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (function laesa)
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define cascade | a series of events in which the product of the first event activates the second event and so on
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define cellulitis | an inflammation of the connective tissue
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define chemical mediator | chemicals produced by cells or microorganisms that activate, enhance, or terminate a physiologic action
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define chemokine | chemical mediator
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define chemotaxis | movement of cells in response to chemical substances
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define cicatrix | a scar
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define classic pathway | activation of the complement system by means of an antigen/antibody complex
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define clotting system | cascade that results in production of a blood clot to stop blood flow
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define complement system | cascade that results in formation of chemical mediators or the membrane attack complex
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define cytokines | produced by macrophages and some types of lymphocytes
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define edema | large amount of exudates in the tissues
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define emigration | movement of WBC'S between the endothelial cells in vessel walls out into surrounding tissues
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define endothemlium | layer of flat cells lining the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and heart
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define eosinophils | play a role in inflammation related to allergic reactions, also active in fighting off parasitic infections especially of the helminthic (tapeworm) type
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define epithelization | when epithelial cells from the lower layer of the epithelium at the edges of the wound start to slide down and across the wound surface beneath the scab
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define exudate | fluid that comes form the blood vessels into the injured tissue
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define fibroblasts | immature connective tissue cell that can differentiate into cells that produce collagen and other tissues
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define fibrous repair | results in the creation of a cicatrix that may recreate normal or near-normal tissue formation or architecture but not normal function
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define fistula | an abnormal passage from one epithelial surface to another
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define giant cell | large cell formed by the joining of several macrophages
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define granulation tissue | very fragile vascular tissue
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define granulocyte | a class of leukocytes which includes polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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define granuloma | persistent area of inflammation in which offending agent can't be removed
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define granulomatous inflammation | a subset of chronic inflammation and is characterized by the formation of granulomas
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define histamine | chemical indicator
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define hyperemia | presence of increases amount of blood in a body part or organ
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define immunoglobulins | natural antibodies produced by plasma cells
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define interleukin | has numerous effects during all stages of the inflammatory process, produces fever, increases the need for sleep, and decreases the appetite, also increases leukocyte adherence, prostaglandin synthesis, and fibroblast production.
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define keloid | a hypertrophic scar, due to excess scar formation
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define kinin system | cascade that produces chemical mediators such as bradykinin
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define leukocyte | white blood cells
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define leukocytosis | an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, a systemic effect of inflammation
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define leukotriene | synthesized by all types of leukocytes & mast cells, increase vascular permeability & act as chemotactic agents to bring inflammatory cells into area, responsible for sustained effects of vasodilatation & vascular permeability in later stages of inflamm.
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define lipopolysaccharide | a component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, chemical mediator that is associated with the chronic inflammation seen in periodontal disease
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define lymphadenopathy | enlargement of lymph nodes
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define lymphocytes | leukocytes found in lymph system
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define lysosome | organelles that contain strong digestive enzymes which are associated with the digestion or elimination of phagocytized foreign matter
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define lysosomal enzymes | strong digestive enzymes that are associated with the digestion or elimination of phagocytized foreign matter
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define macrophage | removes dead and dying cells, damaged tissues, inhaled particles, and foreign bodies, primary defense against some microorganisms, processing of antigens for presentation to T cells
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define margination | leukocytes move toward the endothelial cells of a blood vessel at site of injury
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define mast cell | granular cell, located near epithelial surfaces and the surfaces of blood vessels; releases histamine
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define membrane attack complex | the end product of the complete system cascade, it actually punches a hole in the cell membrane of microbes that are targeted for destruction by the immune system
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define microcirculation | circulation within small blood vessels including arterioles, capillaries, venules
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define monocyte | circulate within the bloodstream until they enter a specific tissue and become “fixed”
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define motile phagocytes | can move independently within the tissues and carry out the process of phagocytosis of whatever material they are sent to eliminate
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define opsonins | substances that enable WBC's to phagocytize resistant bacteria and other substances
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define opsonization | bacteria targeted to enable phagocytosis
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define pavementing(or adhesion) | a process in which white blood cells stick to walls of blood vessels before emigration through endothelium
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define permeable | (permeability) causes gaps in vessel wall between endothelial cells, begins process of exudates formation and vascular stasis
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define phagocytosis | process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substance (bacteria, foreign matter)
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define phagosome | vacuole that is formed when a phagocytic cell engulfs foreign matter
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define plasma cells | B lymphocytes involved in synthesis, storage, release of antibodies
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define plasma fluid | fluid portion of blood
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define platelet activating factor | chem. mediator causes aggregation of platelets - derived from the cell membranes of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells
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define polymorphonuclear neutrophils |
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define prostaglandin | cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, an increased feelings of pain, they also cause bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction and play a part in evating body temperature
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define pyogenic | pus producing organisms
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define pyrexia | fever, hallmark of systemic involvement
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define pyrogen | chemical agents that cause pyrexia
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define regeneration | the body's attempt to restore itself to it's original state
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define repair | healing of the area
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define resolution | reversal of the inflammatory process with a return to normal
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define septicemia | blood poisoning
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define serotonin | preformed chemical mediator released from platelets in response to platelet-activating factor, increases vascular permeability
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define serous exudates | exudates that are thin, clear, have few cells. leaks from cells into tissues.
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define immunoglobulin | natural antibodies produced by plasma cells
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define tumor necrosis factor | has effects on all stages of inflammatory process, produces fever, increases need for sleep, decreases appetite, increases leukocyte adherence, prostaglandin synthesis, fibroblast production.
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define vascular stasis | slowing of the blood through the vessels in the affected area
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define vasoconstriction | decrease in the diameter of blood vessels
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define vasodilation | increase in diameter of the blood vessels
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define active immunity | occurs when antibodies are produced by body in response to antigen
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define anaphylactic reaction | type I hypersensitivity, plasma cells produce IgE in response to antigen (ex. bee sting, peanuts, latex). (either sever systemic or less severe localized)
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define antibody | molecule that will react against one or more specific types of antigen. immunoglobulin produced by B-lymphocytes
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define antigen | agent that triggers the immune response
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define antigen binding fragment (Fab) | part of antibody that combines with/to an antigen
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define antigen-presenting cell (APC) | cells (ex. macrophage) able to bring an antigenic substance to a lymphocyte to activate lymphocyte for that antigen
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define atopic reaction | type I hypersensitivity, includes skin reactions, asthma, upper respiratory manifestations
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define autoimmune disease | immune system dysfunction where it produces antibodies against the body's own cells
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define cell-mediated reactions | type IV hypersens. medicated by cells of immune system not antibodies. involves specific T-cells that have been sensitized to a particular antigen
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define contact dermatitis | result of T-lymphocytes reacting with antigen after skin contact, one of most common forms of type IV hypersensitivity
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define cytokines | complex system of chemical molecules produced by immune cells, modulates/regulates how system responds to stimulus
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define cytotoxic reaction | type II hypersensitivity. tissue cells become antigens and immune system attacks them
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define graft-versus-host reaction | results from immune response to major histocompatibility complexes that are present on surface of cells in donor/recipient tissue
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define hapten | small molecule, must combine with larger protein molecule for immune system to initiate production of antibodies against it (ex. poison ivy oil, penicillin)
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define immune complex-mediated reaction | type III hypersens. reaction, antigen-antibody complexes circulate in blood and are deposited in tissues where they initiate inflammatory response
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define maculopapular | skin reaction consists of flat colored areas and raised colored areas
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define major histocompatibility complew (MHC) | molecule on surface of cells (almost everyone with nucleus), identifies the cells.
- aka human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
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define memory cell | B lymphocyte encoded with antigenic info so immune can produce antibodies next time sees same antigen
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define natural killer cell | T lymphocyte, destroys viral infected cells, tumor cells, doesn't need activation to recognize antigens
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define nonspecific (natural/innate) immunity | defenses are nonspecific, doesn't need previous exposure to offending agent to neutralize it
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define opportunistic infection | infection caused by normally non-pathogenic organisms in an immunocompromised patient
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define passive immunity | immunity obtains from receiving preforms immunoglobulins across the placenta, from breast milk, or by injection
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define primary immune response | immune response that occurs on the first exposure to an antigen
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define primary immune deficiency | congenital or inherited abnormalities in immune system that cause it to function less efficiently
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define secondary immune response | occurs on second and subsequent exposures to an antigen
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define secondary immune deficiency | acquired later in life; may be result of infection, malignancies, immunosuppressant drug therapy, other causes
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define self-tolerance | ability of body's cells to recognize it's own cells
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define specific (acquired) immunity | acts against previously encountered agents with antibodies & activated lymphocytes specific for it
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define target cells | cell that has receptors for specific hormones or substances located on it's cell membrane
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define T cytotoxic cell | T lymphocyte that has ability to destroy cells that is has been activated against. (ex. cancer cells, virus infected cells, normal cells body didn't recognize). activated by T helper or macrophage
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define T helper cell | T lymphocytes that enhance response of other B and T cells
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define Waldeyer's ring | ring of oropharyngeal lymph tissue comprising the lingual and palatine tonsils, and the pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
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