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ME Path test 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
define Abscess   an accumulation of dead cells, dead bacteria, and dead and dying white blood cells  
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define acute inflammation   most often limited in area and duration and is characterized by the cardinal signs of inflammation, can occasionally be very extensive and involve multiple body organs or systems  
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define adhesion   (or pavementing), a process in which white blood cells stick to the walls of blood vessels before emigration through endothelium  
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define agranulocytes   nongranular leukocytes. more active during the later stages of the acute inflammatory process, are longer-lived and much slower to respond to the direction of chemical mediators  
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define alternative pathway   activation of the complement system through immune complexes or bacterial endotoxins  
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define alveolar osteitis   dry socket  
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define angiogenesis   creation of new blood vessels from endothelial cells  
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define bacteremia   bacteria in the blood  
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define basophils   a granular leukocyte with an irregular shaped, two-lobed nucleus. play a role in inflammation related to allergic reactions  
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define bradykinin   powerful chemical mediator that causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain  
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what are the cardinal signs of inflammation   redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (function laesa)  
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define cascade   a series of events in which the product of the first event activates the second event and so on  
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define cellulitis   an inflammation of the connective tissue  
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define chemical mediator   chemicals produced by cells or microorganisms that activate, enhance, or terminate a physiologic action  
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define chemokine   chemical mediator  
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define chemotaxis   movement of cells in response to chemical substances  
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define cicatrix   a scar  
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define classic pathway   activation of the complement system by means of an antigen/antibody complex  
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define clotting system   cascade that results in production of a blood clot to stop blood flow  
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define complement system   cascade that results in formation of chemical mediators or the membrane attack complex  
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define cytokines   produced by macrophages and some types of lymphocytes  
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define edema   large amount of exudates in the tissues  
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define emigration   movement of WBC'S between the endothelial cells in vessel walls out into surrounding tissues  
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define endothemlium   layer of flat cells lining the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and heart  
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define eosinophils   play a role in inflammation related to allergic reactions, also active in fighting off parasitic infections especially of the helminthic (tapeworm) type  
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define epithelization   when epithelial cells from the lower layer of the epithelium at the edges of the wound start to slide down and across the wound surface beneath the scab  
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define exudate   fluid that comes form the blood vessels into the injured tissue  
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define fibroblasts   immature connective tissue cell that can differentiate into cells that produce collagen and other tissues  
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define fibrous repair   results in the creation of a cicatrix that may recreate normal or near-normal tissue formation or architecture but not normal function  
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define fistula   an abnormal passage from one epithelial surface to another  
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define giant cell   large cell formed by the joining of several macrophages  
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define granulation tissue   very fragile vascular tissue  
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define granulocyte   a class of leukocytes which includes polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils  
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define granuloma   persistent area of inflammation in which offending agent can't be removed  
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define granulomatous inflammation   a subset of chronic inflammation and is characterized by the formation of granulomas  
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define histamine   chemical indicator  
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define hyperemia   presence of increases amount of blood in a body part or organ  
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define immunoglobulins   natural antibodies produced by plasma cells  
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define interleukin   has numerous effects during all stages of the inflammatory process, produces fever, increases the need for sleep, and decreases the appetite, also increases leukocyte adherence, prostaglandin synthesis, and fibroblast production.  
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define keloid   a hypertrophic scar, due to excess scar formation  
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define kinin system   cascade that produces chemical mediators such as bradykinin  
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define leukocyte   white blood cells  
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define leukocytosis   an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, a systemic effect of inflammation  
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define leukotriene   synthesized by all types of leukocytes & mast cells, increase vascular permeability & act as chemotactic agents to bring inflammatory cells into area, responsible for sustained effects of vasodilatation & vascular permeability in later stages of inflamm.  
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define lipopolysaccharide   a component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, chemical mediator that is associated with the chronic inflammation seen in periodontal disease  
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define lymphadenopathy   enlargement of lymph nodes  
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define lymphocytes   leukocytes found in lymph system  
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define lysosome   organelles that contain strong digestive enzymes which are associated with the digestion or elimination of phagocytized foreign matter  
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define lysosomal enzymes   strong digestive enzymes that are associated with the digestion or elimination of phagocytized foreign matter  
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define macrophage   removes dead and dying cells, damaged tissues, inhaled particles, and foreign bodies, primary defense against some microorganisms, processing of antigens for presentation to T cells  
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define margination   leukocytes move toward the endothelial cells of a blood vessel at site of injury  
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define mast cell   granular cell, located near epithelial surfaces and the surfaces of blood vessels; releases histamine  
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define membrane attack complex   the end product of the complete system cascade, it actually punches a hole in the cell membrane of microbes that are targeted for destruction by the immune system  
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define microcirculation   circulation within small blood vessels including arterioles, capillaries, venules  
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define monocyte   circulate within the bloodstream until they enter a specific tissue and become “fixed”  
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define motile phagocytes   can move independently within the tissues and carry out the process of phagocytosis of whatever material they are sent to eliminate  
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define opsonins   substances that enable WBC's to phagocytize resistant bacteria and other substances  
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define opsonization   bacteria targeted to enable phagocytosis  
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define pavementing(or adhesion)   a process in which white blood cells stick to walls of blood vessels before emigration through endothelium  
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define permeable   (permeability) causes gaps in vessel wall between endothelial cells, begins process of exudates formation and vascular stasis  
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define phagocytosis   process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substance (bacteria, foreign matter)  
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define phagosome   vacuole that is formed when a phagocytic cell engulfs foreign matter  
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define plasma cells   B lymphocytes involved in synthesis, storage, release of antibodies  
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define plasma fluid   fluid portion of blood  
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define platelet activating factor   chem. mediator causes aggregation of platelets - derived from the cell membranes of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells  
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define polymorphonuclear neutrophils    
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define prostaglandin   cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, an increased feelings of pain, they also cause bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction and play a part in evating body temperature  
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define pyogenic   pus producing organisms  
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define pyrexia   fever, hallmark of systemic involvement  
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define pyrogen   chemical agents that cause pyrexia  
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define regeneration   the body's attempt to restore itself to it's original state  
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define repair   healing of the area  
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define resolution   reversal of the inflammatory process with a return to normal  
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define septicemia   blood poisoning  
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define serotonin   preformed chemical mediator released from platelets in response to platelet-activating factor, increases vascular permeability  
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define serous exudates   exudates that are thin, clear, have few cells. leaks from cells into tissues.  
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define immunoglobulin   natural antibodies produced by plasma cells  
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define tumor necrosis factor   has effects on all stages of inflammatory process, produces fever, increases need for sleep, decreases appetite, increases leukocyte adherence, prostaglandin synthesis, fibroblast production.  
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define vascular stasis   slowing of the blood through the vessels in the affected area  
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define vasoconstriction   decrease in the diameter of blood vessels  
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define vasodilation   increase in diameter of the blood vessels  
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define active immunity   occurs when antibodies are produced by body in response to antigen  
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define anaphylactic reaction   type I hypersensitivity, plasma cells produce IgE in response to antigen (ex. bee sting, peanuts, latex). (either sever systemic or less severe localized)  
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define antibody   molecule that will react against one or more specific types of antigen. immunoglobulin produced by B-lymphocytes  
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define antigen   agent that triggers the immune response  
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define antigen binding fragment (Fab)   part of antibody that combines with/to an antigen  
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define antigen-presenting cell (APC)   cells (ex. macrophage) able to bring an antigenic substance to a lymphocyte to activate lymphocyte for that antigen  
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define atopic reaction   type I hypersensitivity, includes skin reactions, asthma, upper respiratory manifestations  
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define autoimmune disease   immune system dysfunction where it produces antibodies against the body's own cells  
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define cell-mediated reactions   type IV hypersens. medicated by cells of immune system not antibodies. involves specific T-cells that have been sensitized to a particular antigen  
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define contact dermatitis   result of T-lymphocytes reacting with antigen after skin contact, one of most common forms of type IV hypersensitivity  
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define cytokines   complex system of chemical molecules produced by immune cells, modulates/regulates how system responds to stimulus  
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define cytotoxic reaction   type II hypersensitivity. tissue cells become antigens and immune system attacks them  
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define graft-versus-host reaction   results from immune response to major histocompatibility complexes that are present on surface of cells in donor/recipient tissue  
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define hapten   small molecule, must combine with larger protein molecule for immune system to initiate production of antibodies against it (ex. poison ivy oil, penicillin)  
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define immune complex-mediated reaction   type III hypersens. reaction, antigen-antibody complexes circulate in blood and are deposited in tissues where they initiate inflammatory response  
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define maculopapular   skin reaction consists of flat colored areas and raised colored areas  
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define major histocompatibility complew (MHC)   molecule on surface of cells (almost everyone with nucleus), identifies the cells. - aka human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)  
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define memory cell   B lymphocyte encoded with antigenic info so immune can produce antibodies next time sees same antigen  
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define natural killer cell   T lymphocyte, destroys viral infected cells, tumor cells, doesn't need activation to recognize antigens  
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define nonspecific (natural/innate) immunity   defenses are nonspecific, doesn't need previous exposure to offending agent to neutralize it  
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define opportunistic infection   infection caused by normally non-pathogenic organisms in an immunocompromised patient  
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define passive immunity   immunity obtains from receiving preforms immunoglobulins across the placenta, from breast milk, or by injection  
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define primary immune response   immune response that occurs on the first exposure to an antigen  
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define primary immune deficiency   congenital or inherited abnormalities in immune system that cause it to function less efficiently  
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define secondary immune response   occurs on second and subsequent exposures to an antigen  
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define secondary immune deficiency   acquired later in life; may be result of infection, malignancies, immunosuppressant drug therapy, other causes  
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define self-tolerance   ability of body's cells to recognize it's own cells  
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define specific (acquired) immunity   acts against previously encountered agents with antibodies & activated lymphocytes specific for it  
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define target cells   cell that has receptors for specific hormones or substances located on it's cell membrane  
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define T cytotoxic cell   T lymphocyte that has ability to destroy cells that is has been activated against. (ex. cancer cells, virus infected cells, normal cells body didn't recognize). activated by T helper or macrophage  
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define T helper cell   T lymphocytes that enhance response of other B and T cells  
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define Waldeyer's ring   ring of oropharyngeal lymph tissue comprising the lingual and palatine tonsils, and the pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid  
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