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Patho

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Question
Answer
The study of changes in cell/tissue structure related to disease or death   Pathology  
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The study of how disease affects body function   Pathophysiology  
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Having the ability to maintain homeostasis when exposed to normal conditions   Health  
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Being unable to maintain homeostasis when exposed to normal conditions   Disease  
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The study of the cause of a disease   Etiology  
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A disease, condition, or trait that is inherited as a result of a single gene   Genetic  
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A disease, condition, or trait that is present at birth   Congenital  
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A disease, condition, or trait that developed because of being exposed to something during your life   Acquired  
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Without a clearly identified cause   Idiopathic  
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Evidence of a disease that is objective and can be seen, measured, or recorded   Signs  
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Evidence of a disease that is subjective and cannot be seen, measured, or recorded   Symptoms  
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The events that lead to the development of a disease and the signs and symptoms that occur as the disease progresses   Pathogenesis  
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A disease that develops and resolves rapidly   Acute  
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A disease that develops gradually and lasts longer than 3 months   Chronic  
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The lessening in severity of the symptoms of a disease   Remission  
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An increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs or symptoms   Exacerbation  
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A condition that is confined to one area   Local  
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A condition that affects the entire body   Systemic  
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A procedure that utilizes a fiber optic camera to view structures inside of the body   Endoscopy  
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The ability of an object to stop or slow radiation   Radiodensity  
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A visual recording of differences in radiodensity of anatomical structures   X-Rays  
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X-rays that utilize a contrastmedia to increase the radiodensity of selected fluids within the body, producing an image of the structures containing the fluid   Contrast X-Rays  
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A visual recording of differences in the rate of return and intensity of sound waves reflected off of objects within the body   Ultrasound  
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A recording of the electrical activity of the cardiac conduction system   Electrocardiograms  
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A recording of the electrical activity of the brain, most often recording the cerebral cortex   Electroencephalogram  
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Any procedure used to measure a persons ability to move air or the capacities of the respiratory system. Often referred to as PFTs (pulmonary function tests)   Spirometry  
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The use of chemicals to kill cells within the body. Two main types of chemotherapy are used-to kill cancer cells or microorganisms   Chemotherapy  
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The use of drugs to treat disease   Pharmacological  
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Any form of treatment that relieves signs & symptoms without curing a disease. May include the use of medication (such as a decongestant or pain reliever), therapeutic massage, counseling, physical therapy, orthotic devices,...   Palliative  
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A prediction of the likely outcome or consequence of having a disease   Prognosis  
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A consequence of a previous disease. (Ex. rheumatic heart disease sometimes occurs following a strep infection)   Sequela  
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A morbid process or event occuring during a disease that is not an essential part of the disease, although it may result from it. (Ex blindness is a complication often associated with diabetes)   Complications  
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A disease likely to cause death   Terminal  
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The transfer of a harmful amount of energy. The energy may be mechanical, electrical, radiation, or thermal   Trauma  
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lacking in something that is essential (vitamin, glucose, protein, oxygen, water,..)   Deficiency  
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Being exposed to a toxic level of something   Intoxication  
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To increase in size   Hypertrophy  
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To decrease in size   Atrophy  
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An increase in the rate of mitosis and therefore cell number   Hyperplasia  
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A change in cell or tissue structure   Metaplasia  
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Irregular cell or tissue structure. Often considered a potentially cancerous change   Dysplasia  
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Growth of cells and tissue into new areas, resulting in a tumor. May be benign or malignanat   Neoplasia  
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A protective response of tissue or injury or infection. Causes an increase in blood flow and pain in the affected region, as well as leukocytosis   Inflammation  
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Chemicals that cause a fever   Pyrogens  
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An increase int he number of WBC to more than 10,000 mm3. A WBC count of 15,000-25,000 commonly occurs as result of infection, inflammation, or hemorrhage   Leukocytosis  
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The excess fluid that accumulates at the site of inflammation. Contains a high level of proteins and neutrophils when compared ot normal tissue fluid   Exudate  
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A thin, clear watery fluid that accumulates at the site of inflammation   Serous Exudates  
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A thick, creamy white or yellow fluid that accumulates at the site of inflammation. Also called pus   Purulent Exudate  
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A response to injury or infection that leads to the production of pus   Suppurative Inflammation  
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Replacing damaged tissue through the process of mitosis, restoring the tissue to its original condition   Regeneration  
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Replacing damaged tissue with scar tissue   Repair  
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The binding together of two surfaces by scar tissue   Adhesions  
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The over production of scar tissue that sometimes occurs in the dermis and subcutaneous layer and results in a mass of scar tissue that is often tender or painful   Keloid Scarring  
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The shortening of scar tissue over time OR the shortening of muscle tissue as a result of fibrotic changes   Contracture  
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The narrowing of any canal or opening, such as the intesting, a blood vessel, or a heart valve   Stenosis  
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The process of hardening. Can occur as the result of scar formation or the accumulation of deposits known as plaques   Sclerosis  
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Tissue death   Necrosis  
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An early stage in the development of a disease or infection that is characterized by a lack of appetite and lack of energy. The time when a person feels as if they are "coming down with something"   Prodromal Stage  
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A severe, systemic allergic response that is characterized by vasodilation (which causes a severe drop in blood pressure) and bronchoconstricion (resulting in severe difficulty in breathing)   Anaphylaxis  
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The immune system's constant search for an antigen   Immunosurveillance  
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The immune system's ability to recognize and not attack normally occurring tissues within the body   Immunotolerance  
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The development of an infection from the time the infectious organism enters the body until the appearance of the first clinical signs and symptoms   Incubation  
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The time during an infection when clinical signs and symptoms begin to develop   Acute Stage  
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A nonmalignant neoplasm   Benign  
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A cancerous neoplasm   Malignant  
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The development of new blood vessels, especially capillaries   Angiogenesis  
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Proteins produced by tumor cells that can be detected in screening test of the person's blood   Tumor Markers  
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A malignancy that originates in epithelial tissues   Carcinoma  
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A malignancy that originates in connective tissue   Sarcoma  
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A malignancy that originates within the tissue of the central nervous system   Glioma  
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The process of developing a malignant neoplasm   Carcinogenesis  
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Carcinogens that increase the rate of cancer cell production by activating oncogenes   Initiators (of cancer)  
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Carcinogens that decrease the body's ability to find and fight cancer cells by damaging tumor suppressing genes   Promoters (of cancer)  
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The nucleic acid that contains all of an individual's genes. Found in the nucleus of every cell. Different cells are different because, though they contain the same DNA, they use different genes.   DNA  
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A region on DNA that contains the "code" for making one protein.   Genes  
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Different forms of a gene.   Alleles  
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An allele that is always expressed   Dominant  
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An allele that will be expressed only when the person is homozygous. It is hidden or partially hidden in the presence of a dominant allele.   Recessive  
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A two letter code that describes which allel a person has. (AA, Aa, aa,..)   Genotype  
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Having the same two alleles for a gene.   Homozygous  
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Having different alleles for a gene   Heterozygous  
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The allele that we can see evidence of.   Expressed  
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Describes what characteristics are produced as a result of having a certain genotype.   Phenotype  
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The combination of DNA and proteins found in a cell that is going through mitosis.   Chromosomes  
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Chromosome pairs 1-22   Autosomes  
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The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans.   Sex Chromosomes  
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Describes the microscopic appearance of the chromosomes   Karyotype  
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Having the normal 23 pairs of chromosomes   Diploid  
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having an abnormal number of chromosomes   Aneuploid  
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Missing a chromosome   Monosomy  
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Having an extra copy of a chromosome   Trisomy  
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The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells   Hematocrit  
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The average size of a red blood cell   Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)  
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A group of diseases that decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen   Anemias  
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A group of diseases that results in a dramatic increase in the number of leukoblasts   Leukemias  
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Having an abnormally high number of erythrocytes   Polycythemia  
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A decrease in the number of all normal blood cells   Pancytopenia  
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A decrease in the number of red blood cells   Erythrocytopenia  
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A decrease in the number of white blood cells   Leukopenia  
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Having a low number of platelets   Thrombocytopenia  
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A genetic decrease in the activity of one of the clotting factors   Hemophilia  
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A group of genetic anemias resulting in a decrease in the synthesis of globin chains.   Thalassemias  
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Any factor from withing the body   Intrinsic factor (general)  
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A protein secreted by gastric glands that is needed for the absorption of B-12   Intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia)  
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Any factor coming from outside the body   Extrinsic Factor (general)  
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Vitamin B-12 (cyanocobalamine)   Extrinsic Factor (pernicious anemia)  
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Any diagnostic procedure that listens to body sounds   Auscultation  
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An ultrasound of the heart   Echocardiography  
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An electrocardiogram performed while the heart rate is elevated   Stress Test  
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A contrast x-ray showing circulation   Angiography  
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Proteins released from damaged cardiac tissue into the blood; used as a diagnostic indicator of myocardial infarction   Cardiac Markers  
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Having a normal heart rhythm established by the sioatrial node   Normal Sinus Rhythm  
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Having a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute   Bradycardia  
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Having a resting heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute   Tachycardia  
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The inability of valve to either open or close properly   Valvular Incompetence  
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The inability of a valve to open completely   Valvular Stenosis  
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When one of the AV valves swings up into the atrium when it should be closed   Valvular Prolapse  
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The build up of fatty deposits (plaque) within blood vessels   Atherosclerosis  
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Hardening of the arteries   Arteriosclerosis  
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Narrowing of the arteries   Arteriostenosis  
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A local decrease in the blood flow due to obstruction   Ischemia  
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Chest pains as a result of myocardial ischemia   Angina Pectoris  
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Ischemic necrosis of heart muscle. A heart attack.   Myocardial Infarctions  
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A temporary decrease in cerebral function as a result of ischemia   Tia  
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Chronic high blood pressure that is a complication of another condition   Secondary Hypertension  
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Chronic high blood pressure of an unknown origin   Primary (essential) Hypertension  
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Localized dilation of an artery or chamber of the heart as a result of a weakness in the wall   Aneurysm  
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Coughing up blood from the lungs   Hemoptysis  
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A lack of oxygen   Hypoxia  
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An excess of carbon dioxide   Hypercapnea  
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A decrease in the pH of body fluids as a result of a buildup of carbon dioxide   Respiratory Acidosis  
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A partial or complete collapse of the lung tissue   Atelectasis  
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The presence of air between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura   Pneumothorax  
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A group of over-inflated alveoli   Bullae  
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A lesion through the skin or a mucous membrane   Ulcer  
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A lesion caused by pepsin   Pepsin Ulcer  
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A lesion in the mucosal lining of the duodenum   Duodenal Ulcer  
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A lesion in the mucosal lining of the stomach   Gastric Ulcer  
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A lesion in the mucosal lining of the esophagus   Esophageal Ulcer  
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A pouch or sac that developed off of a tubular structure such as the intestine   Diverticulum  
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Inflammation of a pouch or sac opening off of a tubular structure   Diverticulitis  
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The presence of diverticula within the intestine   Diverticulosis  
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The presence of stones within the gall bladder or biliary ducts   Cholelithiases  
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A disease of nervous tissue   Neuropathy  
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A disease of muscle tissue   Myopathy  
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A contrast x-ray showing the structures that carry urine   Intravenous Pyelogram  
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A blood test used as an indicator of kidney function. It measures that quantity of urea, which is a waste product of protein metabolism   Bun  
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A measure of kidney function that compares the quantity of creatinine excreted in the urine over a 24 hour period to the concentration of creatinine in the blood   Creatinine Clearance  
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Using an endoscope to examine the urinary bladder   Cystoscopy  
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