Stuff to know
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3 types of neurons | Sensory neuron (afferent)
Motor neuron (efferent)
Interneuron (connecting)
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Myelinated tracts of the brain & chord | white matter
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Functions of the Cerebellum | smooth coordinated movements
balance (equilibrium)
normal posture
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Functions of the Hypothalamus | urine volume, body temp, blood vessels, contraction of stomach/intestines, emotions, & sleep cycle
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Reflex arc | basic type of neuron pathway
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Involuntary motor nerves | Autonomic
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Proprioception | muscle spindles
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Group of wrapped Axons | Fascicle
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A group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS | ganglion
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2 layers of meninges | 1.Pia
2.Arachnoid
3.Dura mater
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3 things the vital centers control | 1.Cardiac
2.Respiratory
3.Vasomotor
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Quadriplegia | paralysis of all 4 extremities
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What is the H shape of the spinal chord made up of? | gray matter
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Viral infection that is a reactivation of varicella virus | Shingles
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2 principal divisions of nervous system | Central
Peripheral
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2 types of cells found in the nervous system | Neurons & glia
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3 parts of neuron | 1.Cell body-main part
2.Dendrites-1 or more branching projections
3.Axon-1 elongated projection
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The most common myelin disorder of the CNS | multiple sclerosis
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Condition characterized by facial paralysis | bells palsy
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Blocks substances from getting through the blood to the brain | Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
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Location of the diencephalon | Above the midbrain and below the cerebrum
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How many pair of spinal nerves are there? | 31
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pairs: number of cranial nerves | 12 pair
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Severe pain from 5th cranial nerve; usually affects one side of head/face | trigeminal neuralgia; tic douloureaux
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Gray matter | brain & cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons & dendrites
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Synapse | the microscopic space separating the axon ending of one neuron from the dendrites of another neuron
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Neurons | nerve cells that conduct impulses
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Sensory neurons | Transmit impulses to the spinal chord and brain from all parts of body; Afferent
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Motor neurons | Transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal chord-only to 2 kinds of tissue (muscle and glandular epithelial); Efferent
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Interneurons | conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; central or connecting
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Water on the brain | hydrocephalus
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Glioma | one of the most common types of brain tumor-develops from glia cells
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Function of auditory tube | stabilizes pressure
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Sheath that covers the whole nerve | epineural
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Astrocytes | threadlike branches that attach to neurons and small blood vessels holding them together
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Microglia | smaller, stationary glia cells
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Glia | "neuroglia", Support neurons, holds functioning neurons together & protects them
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Schwann cells | produces myelin
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Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain
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Cerebellum | Second largest part of the brain
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The response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc | reflex
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Part of ANS that increases heartbeat, decreases digestion | Sympathetic
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Meninges | fluid filled membrane that covers the brain
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Axon covering (around schwann cell & myelin ) | endoneurium
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Where does spinal chord start and end? | Starts just below occipital bone
Ends after 1st lumbar vertebrae
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Inherited, progresses to severe dementia and death | Huntington disease
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Outer cell/membrane of a schwann cell | neurilemma
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Malignant tumor of sympathetic nervous system | neuroblastoma ( affects children mostly )
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Vital centers are located here | Medulla oblongata
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Hemiplegia | paralysis of 1/2 the body
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"bridge", nerve cells cross from one side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body | pons
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Area of brain that provides nerve conduction pathways to and from the brain | midbrain
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General name for tumors arising in nervous system structures | neuroma
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Covers the fascicle | perineurium
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Located between pia mater and arachnoid mater | cerebral spinal fluid
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Grooves in the brain | sulci, sulcus
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The beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons | receptors
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Ridges in the brain | Gyri, Gyrus
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Contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus | diencephalon
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2 major structures of diencephalon | 1.hypothalamus
2.thalamus
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3 parts of brainstem | 1.medulla oblongata
2.pons
3.midbrain
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Upward extension of spinal cord | medulla oblongata
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Chemicals by which neurons communicate | neurotransmitters
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Outer cell membrane of schwann cell | neurilemma
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4 main divisons of brain | 1.brainstem
2.cerebellum
3.diencephalon
4.cerebrun
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Change in temperature | thermoreceptor
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Corpus callosum | connects the two portions of the brain
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ADH hormone controls this | volume of urine
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3 types of glia | 1.astrocytes
2.microglia
3.oligodendrocytes
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Neurotransmitters that act like morphine | endorphins and encephalons
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White, fatty substance made by schwann cells | myelin
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Indentations between adjacent schwann cells | nodes of ranier
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A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system | autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Nerves of the body | preipheral nervous system (PNS)
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Brain and spinal cord | central nervous system (CNS)
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Disease characterized by lack of dopamine | parkinsons
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Caused by lack of oxygen to the brain | cerebral palsy (CVA-verebral vascular accident)
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CSF | cerebral spinal fluid
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Two neuron arc | simplest kind of reflex arc
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Bundles of axons in the CNS | tracts
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3 places the ANS conducts the impulses to | 1.cardiac muscle
2.smooth muscle
3.glandular
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Functions of thalamus | alerting, sensation, and associates sensation with emotion
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Voluntary motor nerves | somatic
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Two part discrimination | ability to distinguish one touch stimulus from two
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Blood capillaries in brain used to filter cerebral spinal fluid | choroid plexis
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Help hold nerve fibers together | oligodendrocytes
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Play a role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure | catacholamines
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Paralysis of one side of body | hemiplegia
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Partial paralysis on one side of the body | hemiparesis
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Malignant tumor of neurological cells | glioma
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Any disease of the brain | encephalopathy
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Softening of brain tissue | encephalomalacia
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Inflammation of the brain | encephalitis
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Any disease of the nerves | neuropathy
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Tumor usually in young children; highly malignant; derived from embryonic neural tissue | neuroblastoma
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Inflammation of nerves | neuritis
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Nerve pain | neuralgia
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Softening of spinal cord | myelomalacia
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Tumor of the meninges | meningioma
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Inflammation of the meninges | meningitis
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Herniation of the meninges through a hold in skull or vertebral column | meningocele
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Herniation of meninges and spinal cord | meningomyelocele
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