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General information over Ch 9 material

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Question
Answer
A-band   darker area of striations - where myosin filaments are located  
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actin binding site   where myosin attaches during power-stroke cycle  
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actin filament   composed of actin, troponin complex, tropomyosin  
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aerobic endurance   how long muscles can utilize aerobic respiration before reverting to anaerobic  
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aerobic respiration   conversion of glucose to ATP with the presence of oxygen  
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anaerobic glycolysis   converting glucose to ATP without oxygen - produces lactic acid  
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aponeurosis   broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to attachment points  
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ATP   adenosine triphosphate - energy 'currency' of a cell  
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ATP binding site   where ATP attaches on a myosin head, enabling detachment  
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cardiac muscle   striated, involuntary, uninucleate, contains gap junctions  
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concentric   contraction that occurs to shorten a muscle while the tension remains constant  
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contractibility   functional characteristic dealing with ability to shorten  
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contractures   cramp' - muscle locks in place due to complete absence of ATP (temporary)  
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creatine kinase   enzyme that allows CP to add its phosphate to ADP  
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creatine phosphate   molecule that 'carries' phosphate - transferred to ADP to quickly make ATP  
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cross-bridges   what myosin heads are called when they attach to binding sites on actin  
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deep fascia   connective tissue that covers a functional muscle group (like the quads)  
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eccentric   contraction that occurs when a muscle lengthens, but the tension remains constant  
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elastic filament   responsible for returning muscles to their original resting length after contraction  
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elasticity   functional characteristic observed when muscles return to resting length after contraction  
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endomysium   connective tissue that separates each muscle fiber from the others  
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epimysium   connective tissue that covers the entire muscle  
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excitability   functional characteristic allowing muscles to react to a stimulus  
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extensibility   functional characteristic allowing muscles to stretch beyond their resting length  
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F-actin   composed of many G-actin molecules to produce a strand of this  
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fascicle   small bundle of muscle fibers - wrapped by perimysium  
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fermentation   second step of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid  
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G-actin molecule   chains of this molecule constitute an F-actin strand  
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glycogen   branched chains of glucose found in high concentrations in muscle sarcoplasm  
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H-zone   area of the A-band that is lighter than the rest - no thin filaments found here  
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I-band   lighter area of a sarcomere - only thin filaments found here  
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innervation   generally speaking, the nerve supply to a muscle  
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insertion   attachment point of a muscle that moves during contraction  
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involuntary   not consciously controlled - characteristic of smooth and cardiac muscle  
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irritability   functional characteristic allowing muscles to react to a stimulus  
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isometric   contraction that occurs to change the tension, but not the length of a muscle  
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isotonic   when a muscle changes in length, but the tension remains the same  
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load   must be overcome by the force of contraction in order to shorten the muscle  
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M-line   middle of the myosin - elastic filaments found here keep them all aligned  
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muscle cell   also know as a muscle fiber  
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muscle fatigue   physiological inability to overcome the load due to relative deficit of ATP  
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muscle fiber   another term for muscle cells  
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muscle twitch   single reaction of muscle to a single stimulus  
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myo- / mys-   prefix that means "muscle"  
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myofibrils   small bundles of myofilaments found within each muscle cell  
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myofilaments   actin and myosin are called these  
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myoglobin   oxygen-storing protein molecule found in sarcoplasm  
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myogram   printed record of the tension over time as a muscle contracts  
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myosin filament   composed of myosin molecules that surround an elastic filament  
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myosin molecule   two long chains (twisted tails) and two short chains (heads) of protein  
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origin   attachment point of a muscle that remains stationary during contraction  
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oxygen debt / EPOC   amount of oxygen needed to return a muscle to its original resting state after anaerobic respiration occurs  
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perimysium   connective tissue wrapping around each fascicle  
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psychological fatigue   the mental 'giving-up' during competition when there exist enough ATP to continue  
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pyruvic acid   end product of glycolysis - can either be converted to lactic acid or used to make more ATP  
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sarco-   prefix that means "flesh"  
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sarcolemma   literally meaning 'flesh' - 'husk' / muscle cell membrane  
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sarcomere   smallest contractile unit of muscle - from Z-disc to Z-disc  
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sarcoplasm   specific term for the muscle cell's cytoplasm  
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sarcoplasmic reticulum   network of passageways that store, release, and resorb Calcium ions for contractile purposes  
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skeletal muscle   voluntary, multinucleate, striated  
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smooth muscle   uninucleate, non-striated, involuntary - also called visceral  
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striation   alternating light and dark bands due to internal arrangement of myofilaments  
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tendon   thick, rope-like connection between muscle and its attachment point  
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tetanus   occurs when multiple stimuli are sent to a muscle to produce a sustained contraction  
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treppe   stair-step phenomenon that gradually increases contractile force  
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triads   SR, T-tubule, SR  
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tropomyosin   component of actin filament that acts to block binding sites and stabilize F-actin strands  
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troponin complex   regulatory proteins that act to cover/uncover binding sites - controlled by Calcium concentrations  
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T-tubule   invagination of sarcolemma that allows for action potential to be carried into the muscle cell  
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vascularity   extent of direct blood supply to a part of the body  
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voluntary   under conscious control  
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Z-disc   central connection point of thin filaments - edge of each sarcomere  
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