General information over Ch 9 material
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A-band | darker area of striations - where myosin filaments are located
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actin binding site | where myosin attaches during power-stroke cycle
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actin filament | composed of actin, troponin complex, tropomyosin
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aerobic endurance | how long muscles can utilize aerobic respiration before reverting to anaerobic
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aerobic respiration | conversion of glucose to ATP with the presence of oxygen
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anaerobic glycolysis | converting glucose to ATP without oxygen - produces lactic acid
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aponeurosis | broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to attachment points
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ATP | adenosine triphosphate - energy 'currency' of a cell
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ATP binding site | where ATP attaches on a myosin head, enabling detachment
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cardiac muscle | striated, involuntary, uninucleate, contains gap junctions
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concentric | contraction that occurs to shorten a muscle while the tension remains constant
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contractibility | functional characteristic dealing with ability to shorten
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contractures | cramp' - muscle locks in place due to complete absence of ATP (temporary)
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creatine kinase | enzyme that allows CP to add its phosphate to ADP
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creatine phosphate | molecule that 'carries' phosphate - transferred to ADP to quickly make ATP
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cross-bridges | what myosin heads are called when they attach to binding sites on actin
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deep fascia | connective tissue that covers a functional muscle group (like the quads)
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eccentric | contraction that occurs when a muscle lengthens, but the tension remains constant
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elastic filament | responsible for returning muscles to their original resting length after contraction
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elasticity | functional characteristic observed when muscles return to resting length after contraction
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endomysium | connective tissue that separates each muscle fiber from the others
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epimysium | connective tissue that covers the entire muscle
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excitability | functional characteristic allowing muscles to react to a stimulus
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extensibility | functional characteristic allowing muscles to stretch beyond their resting length
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F-actin | composed of many G-actin molecules to produce a strand of this
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fascicle | small bundle of muscle fibers - wrapped by perimysium
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fermentation | second step of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid
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G-actin molecule | chains of this molecule constitute an F-actin strand
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glycogen | branched chains of glucose found in high concentrations in muscle sarcoplasm
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H-zone | area of the A-band that is lighter than the rest - no thin filaments found here
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I-band | lighter area of a sarcomere - only thin filaments found here
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innervation | generally speaking, the nerve supply to a muscle
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insertion | attachment point of a muscle that moves during contraction
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involuntary | not consciously controlled - characteristic of smooth and cardiac muscle
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irritability | functional characteristic allowing muscles to react to a stimulus
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isometric | contraction that occurs to change the tension, but not the length of a muscle
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isotonic | when a muscle changes in length, but the tension remains the same
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load | must be overcome by the force of contraction in order to shorten the muscle
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M-line | middle of the myosin - elastic filaments found here keep them all aligned
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muscle cell | also know as a muscle fiber
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muscle fatigue | physiological inability to overcome the load due to relative deficit of ATP
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muscle fiber | another term for muscle cells
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muscle twitch | single reaction of muscle to a single stimulus
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myo- / mys- | prefix that means "muscle"
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myofibrils | small bundles of myofilaments found within each muscle cell
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myofilaments | actin and myosin are called these
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myoglobin | oxygen-storing protein molecule found in sarcoplasm
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myogram | printed record of the tension over time as a muscle contracts
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myosin filament | composed of myosin molecules that surround an elastic filament
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myosin molecule | two long chains (twisted tails) and two short chains (heads) of protein
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origin | attachment point of a muscle that remains stationary during contraction
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oxygen debt / EPOC | amount of oxygen needed to return a muscle to its original resting state after anaerobic respiration occurs
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perimysium | connective tissue wrapping around each fascicle
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psychological fatigue | the mental 'giving-up' during competition when there exist enough ATP to continue
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pyruvic acid | end product of glycolysis - can either be converted to lactic acid or used to make more ATP
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sarco- | prefix that means "flesh"
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sarcolemma | literally meaning 'flesh' - 'husk' / muscle cell membrane
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sarcomere | smallest contractile unit of muscle - from Z-disc to Z-disc
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sarcoplasm | specific term for the muscle cell's cytoplasm
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sarcoplasmic reticulum | network of passageways that store, release, and resorb Calcium ions for contractile purposes
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skeletal muscle | voluntary, multinucleate, striated
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smooth muscle | uninucleate, non-striated, involuntary - also called visceral
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striation | alternating light and dark bands due to internal arrangement of myofilaments
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tendon | thick, rope-like connection between muscle and its attachment point
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tetanus | occurs when multiple stimuli are sent to a muscle to produce a sustained contraction
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treppe | stair-step phenomenon that gradually increases contractile force
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triads | SR, T-tubule, SR
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tropomyosin | component of actin filament that acts to block binding sites and stabilize F-actin strands
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troponin complex | regulatory proteins that act to cover/uncover binding sites - controlled by Calcium concentrations
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T-tubule | invagination of sarcolemma that allows for action potential to be carried into the muscle cell
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vascularity | extent of direct blood supply to a part of the body
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voluntary | under conscious control
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Z-disc | central connection point of thin filaments - edge of each sarcomere
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