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Sociology

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Term
Definition
Sociology   the study of human society -Socio - Society -ology -Study of or science of  
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Social Intitutions   A complex group of interdependent positions that perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time  
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Comte   First one to use "sociology" as a term 3 states of knowledge of society: theological, metaphysical and scientific  
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Karl Marx   -founder of sociaology -Conflict between social classes drove historical social change -Labor power is utilized via the mode of production -proletariat, capitalist and Bougeoisie  
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Max Weber   -founder of sociology -sociology is the study of how culture, economics, politics, and religion shape human understanding of the social world -provided first theories of authority, relationship, and bureaucracy -ideal more complicated than Marx  
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Emile Durkeim   -founder of sociology -founded the first sociology department (in Paris, France) and the positivist approach to sociology -researched about division of labor in society, suicide, elementary forms of religious life  
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Georg Simmel   -founder of sociology -first micro sociologist, unlike the others founders -focused on group interactions and social networks  
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Functionalism   social institutions exist to serve a necessary role in society  
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Conflict Theory   Conflict among competing interests i the basic force of sciety  
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Culture   =Human-Nature -sum of social categories, concept, beliefs, behaviors, and practices that are not biological or instinctual  
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Subculture   -emphasize difference from dominant culture -arise when a group is a target of prejudice and has social power  
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Counterculture   -opposition to the dominate culture -conformity from members is very strict  
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Cultural Diversity   Vastly different world cultures  
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Material Culture   what people make and what they make it with  
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Symbols    
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Language   -allows us to communicate with other -develop a sense of self -transmit our culture -convey cultural attitudes about specific groups -shape our perspective of the world  
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Rituals   -help culture cohere and persist -connect individuals to the culture -commemoration of key events in cultural history  
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Ideology   understanding of cause and effects through cultural scripts  
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Norms   cultural standards for behavior  
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Values   -cultural ethical standards -foundation of norms  
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Forms and Politics of Consumer Culture   -fads -fashion  
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sociological imagination   The term sociological imagination was coined by the American sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology.  
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who are founders of sociology?   Comte,Marx, Weber, Durkeim, Simmel They wrote in response to the industrial revolution, mass urbanization and social dislocation of the 1800's.  
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what are the subfields of sociology?    
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What are the modern sociological theories?   Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interaction and Dramatical Theory of social interaction  
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When and where did the field of sociology begin?   late 1800's - early 1900's in France  
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According to Karl Marx, who will overthrow capitalism?   proletariat and establish a utopia via socialism  
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According to Weber, what are the 3 elements to social stratification?   -3 elements to social stratification: class, status group amd party  
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Ethnocentrism   judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's one culture.  
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Cultural Relativism   principle of regarding the beliefs, values and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself.  
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What are the elements of culture?   material culture, symbols, language, ritual, ideology, norms and values  
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Sapir-Worf Hypothesis   shapes out perceptions of the world the environment people live in affects their language e.g. Eskimos  
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What is socialization?   process by which you learn how to become a functioning member of society; internalizing the values, beliefs & norms; learn how to be part of a group; the interaction of massive numbers of unwritten social rules & cues  
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Nature vs. Nuture   false dichotomy limits to socialization e.g. Genie  
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Cooley & Meade's Stage Theory of Development   Self, Other, Process (imitation, play, games)  
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Agents of socialization   people,groups or social institutions that socialize new members.  
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What are agents of socialization?   family,school, religion, peers, media, total institutions, adult socialization (secondary), gender socialization & gender socialization  
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What is the primary unit of socialization?   family  
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Where do you learn to take turns,share, gain knowledge, resolve conflicts and learn to speak?   school  
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what place dominates adult socialization?   workplace  
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What are the 5 types of social interaction socialization?   Exchange, Competition, Conflict, Cooperation and Coercion  
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What is role theory?   interaction occurs between people of different status & social rules.  
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What are the different types of statuses according to role theory?   ascribed achieved master status set  
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What is a social role?   duties & behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status  
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What is meant by role & dramatical theory?   "All the world's a stage..." Social life is a theatrical performance. We act our social roles. We have scripts, costumes & sets. Goal: "save face"  
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Groups vs. crowds   difference is level of group cohesion  
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What is a group?   Groups for building blocks of society; size of group helps determine the form of social relations.  
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What are the various types of groups?   dyads, triads, small groups, parties, large groups, primary and secondary groups, in-groups,out-groups and reference groups  
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Define dyad   smallest group of 2 people most intimate mutually dependent  
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Define triad   3 or more not mutually dependent power politics can exist (mediator, tertius gaudens, divide Et Imperia)  
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What is the diffidence between groups: small, party & large?   similar: all are larger than 3 people small g: face to face and unifocal, equality, no formal arrangements. party: multi-focal, many conversations at 1 time; large: formal structure, status diffrentiation  
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Compare in-group vs. out-group   in-you feel belong to & positively out- not belong, feel negatively, object of hatred or violence  
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Compare reference vs. clique groups   ref: groups around whose perceptions we orient out actions clique: organized around inclusion & eclusion  
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What are social networks?   a set of relations held together by ties between individuals  
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Why do social networks matter?   because they exert an important influence on the most crucial aspects of our lives; there are both long term and short term effects: embeddedness; strength of weak ties; weak ties bridge structural gaps  
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What is the importance of social networks?   help maintain both weak and strong ties; help unite communities around despite interests  
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What are the types of social deviances?   informal (Folkways-Etiquette), formal (crime; taboo) by definition: any transgression of socially established norms.  
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What is the definition of social control?   mechanisms that create normative compliance among individuals  
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What are the types of social control?   inner, outer Outer- informal sanctions;formal sanctions  
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What is Durkheim's functional perspective on deviance?   He argued that social deviance promotes social cohesion, affirms cultural norms & values, clarifies moral boundaries, heightens group solidarity & encourages social change  
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Is Durkeim's theory macro or micro?   macro  
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Is Labeling Theory macro or micro?   micro  
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What is labeling theory?   individuals notice how others see them & label them; reactions to those labels form the basis of their self identity  
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What is broken window theory?   social context & social cues communicate if local social norms allow deviant acts; when people see disorder, they are more likely to engage in deviance themselves  
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What is crime?   a violation of law enacted by society.  
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What are the types of crime?   Violent, property & infractions, street, white- collar, cybercrime & hate crimes  
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What are the trends in crime?   Crime has increased up until 1990. Crime has been decreasing since 1990.  
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Why is crime decreasing?   Possible explanations: expanding economy, aging poplulation, longer jail sentences, declining sale of crack, cocaine, immigration by females, abortion, Little Brother sydrome  
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What is the definition of social theory?   rooted in paradigms, they are frameworks that shape understanding of the social world, such as functionalism on symbolic interactions.systematic set of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspects of life. do not resolve value questions  
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What is the definition of social research?   tries to find patterns of regularity in social life by systematically observing aggregates of individuals & the systems in which they operate, i.e. society  
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What is the definition of induction?   collect data>analyze data>create theory  
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What is the definition of deduction?   theory>hypothesis> operational concepts> collect data> analyze data to test hypothesis> accept, refine or reject hypothesis & theory  
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What three important functions does social theory provide?   -logical predictions, explanations & hypotheses -makes sense of observed -direct empirical observation patterns  
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What is the definition of elements of measurement?   Social scientists want to make valid claims about the social world. They use 3 types of validity: measurement, external and causal  
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What is the difference between causal validity vs. external validity?   Causal looks at making conclusions or trying to find explanations. External, say be applied beyond the sample of cases they actually observed.  
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Discuss quantitative vs. qualitative methods   qualitative methods: participant observation, intensive interviewing, content analysis historical and content research quantitative methods: survey used in social research, question and questionnaire design  
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Discuss principles of research ethics   -individuals are autonomous agents and those with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection -do no harm or maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm -assured social justice -Anonymity and Confidentiality  
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What three criteria must be met to make a causal claim?   empirical association, temporal ordering & nonspuriousness  
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