Concentration and dilution of urine- Hamra- 2/5/2013
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| The 'Single effect' | ATL is not permeable to water but is permeable to NaCl which allows CCexchange system where the medulla becomes concentrated, but at the same time sets up an osmotic gradient for water to follow if the aquaporins of the collecting duct be opened by ADH
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| In the thin ascending limb, the single effect is accomplished by | Passive movement of NaCl out
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| In the thick ascending limb, the single effect is accomplished by | Both active and passive mechanisms
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| When flow occurs and fluid leaves the ascending and new fluid enters the descending from the proximal tubule, this is known as | Axial shift
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| Osmotic gradient from outer to inner medulla is increasingly | Hyperosmotic
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| With the maximal concentration of urine in humans, the concentration at the tip of the loop reaches | 1200 mOsm
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| ADH acts from where to where? | Initial collecting tubule to inner medullary collecting duct
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| The osmolality of the cortical interstitium compared to the plasma | Equal
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| As you descend into the medulla, the osmolality becomes increasingly | Hyperosmotic
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| Loop diuretics inhibit the | Na/K/2Cl transporter in the thick ascending limb
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| Loop diuretics prevent the urine from becoming ___ in the thick ascending limb | Diluted
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| Loop diuretics prevent the interstitium from becoming _____ in the thick ascending limb | Concentrated
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| Loop diuretics (increase/decrease) water reabsorption in the descending limb | Decrease
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| Define urine output | The sum of the rate at which kidney excretes isosmotic moiety plus the rate at which it excretes free water
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| If the urine is more dilute than the plasma, the free water clearance is | Positive
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| If the urine is more concentrated than plasma, the free water clearance is | Negative
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| If the urine is isosmotic to plasma, the free water clearance is | Zero
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| In addition to water reabsorption, ADH also stimulates | Urea transporters in the inner medulla
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| The vasa recta utilize both passive and active transport. T/F? | False, Solute and water can enter and leave the vasa recta but there is no capacity for active transport
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| Which establishes the medullary osmotic gradient, CC multiplier or CC exchange? | CC multiplier
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| What is the point of the CC exchanger? | The kidney better preserves the osmotic gradient in the medulla
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