primary functions of organ systems
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Cutaneous Membrane | Integ sys.- Epidermis & Dermis
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Epidermis | Integ sys.- Covers surface; protects deeper tissues
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Dermis | Integ sys.-Nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands
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Hair Follicles | Integ sys.-Produce hair; innervation provides sensation
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Hairs | Integ sys.-Prove some protection for head
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Sebaceous Glands | Integ sys.-Secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
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Sweat Glands | Integ sys.-Produce perspiration for evaporative cooling
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Nails | Integ sys.- Protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
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Sensory receptors | Integ sys.- Provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain
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Subcutaneous layer | Integ sys.- Stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures
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Bones, Cartilages, and Joints | Skeletal system- Support, protect soft tissues; bones store minerals
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Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages and ligaments) | Skeletal system- Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity, supports the body weight over the lower limbs
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Appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments) | Skeletal system- Provides internal support and positioning of the limbs; supports and moves axial skeleton
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Bone Marrow | Skeletal system- Primary site of blood cell production (red marrow); storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow)
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Skeletal Muscles | Muscular system- Provide skeletal movement; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits of digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues
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Axial muscles | Muscular system- Support and position axial skeleton
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Appendicular muscles | Muscular system- Support, move, and brace limbs
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Tendons, Aponeuroses | Muscular system- Harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks
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Central Nervous System (CNS) | Nervous system- Acts as control center for nervous system: processes information; provides short-term control over activities of other systems
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Brain | Nervous system- Performs complex integrative functions; controls both voluntary and autonomic activities
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Spinal Cord | Nervous system- Relays info to and from brain; performs less-complex integrative functions; directs many simple involuntary activities
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Special senses | Nervous system- Provide sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Nervous system- Links CNS w/ other systems and with sense organs
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Pineal Gland | Endocrine system- May control timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms
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Pituitary Gland | Endocrine system- Controls other endocrine glands; regulates growth and fluid balance
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Thyroid Gland | Endocrine system- Controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels
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Parathyroid Gland | Endocrine system- Regulate calcium levels (w/ thyroid)
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Thymus | Endocrine system- Controls maturation of lymphocytes
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Adrenal Glands | Endocrine system- Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity
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Kidneys | Endocrine system- Control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure
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Pancreas | Endocrine system- Regulates blood glucose levels
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Gonads | Endocrine system- Testes & Ovaries
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Testes | Endocrine system- Support male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions
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Ovaries | Endocrine system- Support female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions
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Heart | Cardiovascular system- Propels blood; maintains blood pressure
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Blood Vessels | Cardio sys.- Distribute blood around the body
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Arteries | Cardio sys. - Carry blood from heart to capillaries
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Capillaries | Cardio sys.- Permit diffusion b/w blood and interstitial fluids
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Veins | Cardio sys.- Return blood from capillaries to the heart
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Blood | Cardio sys.- Transports O2, CO2, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones; removes waste products; assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease
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Lymphatic Vessels | Lymphatic Sys.- Carry lymph (water and proteins) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardio sys.
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Lymph Nodes | Lymphatic Sys.- Monitor the composition of lymph; engulf pahtogens; stimulate immune response
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Spleen | Lymphatic Sys.- Monitors circulating blood; engulfs pathogens and recycles red blood cells; stimulates immune response
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Thymus | Lymphatic Sys.- Controls development and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes (T cells)
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Nasal Cavities, Paranasal Sinuses | Respiratory sys.- Filter, warm, humidify air; detect smells
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Pharynx | Respiratory sys.- Conducts air to larnyx; a chamber shared with the digestive tract
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Larnyx | Respiratory sys.- Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
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Trachea | Respiratory sys.- Filters air; traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airway open
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Bronchi | Respiratory sys.- (same as trachea) through volume changes
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Lungs | Respiratory sys.- Responsible for air movement during movement of ribs and diaphragm; incude airways and alveoli
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Alveoli | Respiratory sys.- Acts as sites of gas exchange between air and blood
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Mouth | Digestive sys.- Receptacle for food; works w/ associated structures (teeth, tongue) to break up food and pass food and liquids to pharnyx
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Salivary glands | Digestive sys.- Provide buffers and lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion
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Pharynx | Digestive sys.- Conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus; chamber shared with respiratory tract
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Esophagus | Digestive sys.- Delivers food to stomach
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Stomach | Digestive sys.- Secretes acids and enzymes
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Small Intestine | Digestive sys.- Secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; absorbs nutrients
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Liver | Digestive sys.- Secretes bile; regulates nutrient composition of blood
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Gallbladder | Digestive sys.- Stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine
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Pancreas | Digestive sys.- Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endorine cells
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Large Intestine | Digestive sys.- Removes water from fecal material; stores wastes
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