Chapter 16 Anatomy & Physiology
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| Specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestines absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins. | Absorption of Fats
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| returns excess tissue/interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. | Maintenance of fluid balance
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| lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles | Immunity
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| Fluid in the lymphatic vessels | Lymph
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| Clear, Colorless Fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content. | Lymph
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| originates in the tissues as fluid left behind following capillary exchange | Lymph
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| Helps Maintain Blood pressure by maintaining blood volume. | Lymph
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| Carry Lymph | Lymphatic Vessels
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| Similar to veins, theses vessels have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow | Lymphatic Vessels
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| ITs walls are formed by a thin layer of epithelial cells. | Lymphatic Vessels
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| the cells forming in this vessel's walls overlap loosely, allowing gaps to exist between the cells | Lymphatic Vessels
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| Found in the interstitial spaces of most tissues usually in blood capillary beds | Lymphatic Vessels
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| unlike blood vessels, lymphatic vessels carry fluid in ______ direction. | One
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| Specialized lymph capillaries in the Villi of the small intestine. | Lecteals
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| Absorb fat soluble products | Lacteals
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| Drains lymph for the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein | Right Lymphatic Duct
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| Drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian Vein | Left Lymphatic Duct
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| Lymph in the extremities flows Via the _________________. | Skeletal Muscle Pump
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| What valves are made of | Endothelium
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| Creates pressure during breathing to push lymph from the vessels the lungs and chest cavity | Respiratory Pump
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| Lump elsewhere is pushed towards the heart by _________________ of the other lymph vessels | Vasoconstriction
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| Located in the mediastinum | Thymus
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| Smaller then nodes. | Lymph Nodules
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| They are not unencapsulated | Lymph Nodules
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| Found beneath all mucosa. | Lymph Nodules
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| Lymphatic nodules found in the small intestines | Prayer's Parcels
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| these organs include red bone marrow, the thymus, lymph nodes, the tonsils, and the spleen. | Lymphatic organs
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| Provide a location for B and T lymphocytes to mature | Primary lymphatic organs
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| Contain lymphocytes that have matured in either the red blood marrow or the thymus. | Secondary Lymphatic Organs
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| Larger in the Fetus | Thymus
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| Smaller in Adults | Thymus
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| Divided into Lobules | Thymus
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| Connective tissue that extends into the node, dividing it into compartments | Trabeculae
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| A fibrous ______ encloses each lymph node | Capsule
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| The Compartments in a lymph node that are filled with lymphocytes. | Cortical Nodules
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| A less dense area at the center of compartments. | Germinal Centers
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| form and release lymphocytes when an infection is present | Germinal Centers
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| they lined with macrophages capable of phagocytosis separate the compartments | Sinuses
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| Channel Fluid into the node | Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
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| Slowly after filtering through the node, lymph leaves the node | Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
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| found in the neck | Cervical Lymph nodes
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| monitor lymph coming from the head and the neck | Cervical Lymph nodes
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| clustered in the armpit. | Axillary Lymph nodes
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| receive lymph from the arm and breast | Axillary Lymph nodes
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| Occur in the groin | Inguinal Lymph nodes
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| they receive lymph from the legs | Inguinal Lymph nodes
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| Masses of Lymphoid tissue. | Tonsils
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| From a protective circle at the back of the thoat | Tonsils
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| they guard against pathogens entering the body through the nose and throat | Tonsils
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| also called adeniods | Pharyngeal Tonsil
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| sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity | Pharyngeal Tonsil
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| lies in the posterior of the oral cavity | Palatine Tonsils
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| are concentrated in patches on each side of the base of the tongue | Palatine Tonsils
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| Flows Blood back to the Blood stream | Lymph Flow
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| Mainly consists of lymphocytes in the framework of connective tissue | Lymphatic Tissue
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| white blood cells migrate here and become activated | Lymphatic Tissue
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| the thymus has ________ that produce most of the T lymphocytes | Stem Cells
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| Lymphocytes proliferate in response to infection in all ___________. | Lymphatic Tissue
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| About the Size of your fist and is the largest lymphatic organ | Spleen
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| it resides in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm, where is protected by the ribs | Spleen
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| the spleen is surrounded by a fibrous ________. | Capsule
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| Contains two types tissues called red pulp and white pulp | Spleen
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| Contains compact masses of lymphocytes | White Pulp
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| surrounds the arteries leading into each compartment | White Pulp
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| exists along the edges of compartments. | Red Pulp
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| it consists of a network of erythrocyte-filled sinuses supported by a framework of reticular fibers and phagocytic cells | Red Pulp
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| Blood collects in the venous sinuses after passing through the reticular fibers; it then returns to the heart though the veins | Red Pulp
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| Lymphocytes and macrophages in the white pulp screen passing blood for foreign antigens while phagocytic cells in the sinuses ingest and destroy any microorganisms | Immunity
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| Macrophages in the sinuses digest worn out Red blood cells and imperfect platelets. | Destruction Of old Blood cells
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| The spleen sores 20% to 30% of the body's platelets | Blood Storage
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| consequently, it can help stabilize blood volume by rapidly adding blood back into general circulation | Blood Storage
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| The spleen produces red blood cells in the fetus | Hematopoiesis
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| Not a Vital organ in adults | Spleen
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| _______ is sent to the liver though the hepatic portal vein | Bilirubin
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| people without this organ are slightly more susceptible to pneumonia meningitis | Spleen
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| Mutated cells can also be recognized as foreign due to your | Immunity
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| Organ Transplants can also be recognized as foreign due to your | Immunity
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| External Barriers | First Line of defense
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| Skin is considered | First Line of defense
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| A thin layer of acid produced by skin secretions | Acid Mantle
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| Further inhibiting bacterial growth | Acid Mantle
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| the Lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts that produces mucus that physically traps pathogens | Mucus Membranes
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| the enzyme in mucus, tears, and saliva. | Lysozyme
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| The second line of defense is also called | Nonspecific Immunity
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| General Broad-range response | Nonspecific Immunity
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| Also known as Innate immunity | Second line of Defense
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| Cells that gulf and destroy pathogens and debris | Phagocytes
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| When a phagocyte encounters a pathogen it sends out a projection from the cell membrane called | Pseudopods
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| The pseudopods envelopes the pathogen and pinches off inside the cell and form a sac called a________ or vacuole | Phagosome
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| Roam the body and seeking out bacteria | Neutrophils
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| remain fixed within strategic areas | Macrophage
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| the chemical release from inflamed cells to summon traveling Neutrophils | Chemotaxis
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| the process when Neutrophils use enzymes to digest a portion of the basement membrane, which allows them to squeeze out of a vessel and enter the inflamed tissue. | Diapedesis
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| Macrophages evolve from __________ | Monocytes
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| they migrate into connective tissues where they grow several times larger then their original size and transform into Macrophages | Monocytes
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| It means "Large Eaters" | Macrophages
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| congregate in areas where microbial invasion is likely to occur: the alveolus of the lungs, the liver, nerve tissue, bone, and the spleen | Macrophages
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| produced by our cells when infected with a virus | Interferon
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| binds to surface receptors in neighboring cells | Interferon
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| this triggers the production on enzymes within the cells that would prevent the virus from replicating if it managed to invade | Interferon
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| circulate in the bloodstream in a inactive form, waiting to assist in the immune response. | Complement
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| Over 20 types of proteins | Complement
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| Can trigger complement _________ which destroys the bacteria or triggers phagocytosis | Fixation
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| A unique group of Lymphocytes | Natural Killer Cells
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| Continually roaming the body, seeking out pathogens diseased cells | Natural Killer Cells
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| they recognize and destroy any foreign cells including cancer cells, virus-infected cells, and bacteria | Natural Killer Cells
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| The Cells that can destroy the cells in transplants and tissues. | Natural Killer Cells
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| The secretion of chemicals that natural killer cells produce that causes the cell to die and brake apart | Lysis
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| tissue injury, whether from trauma, ischemia or infection | Inflammation
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| Stimulates the body's defense system to begin fighting the infection while instigating measures to contain the pathogen | Inflammation
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| the process that clean up and repair the damaged tissue | Inflammation
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| embed themselves into the bacterium's plasma membrane in ring-like circles, effectively punching a hole in the bacterium | Membrane Attack Complex
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| results from fluid leaking out of the capillaries | Swelling
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| Results from hyperemia | Redness and Heat
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| may result from injured nerves, pressure in the nerves from swelling, or stimulation of nerves by bacterial toxins | Pain
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| Brings materials necessary for healing including oxygen and amino acids | Hyperemia
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| Thick yellowish fluid of dead cells that pile up to seal a cut or injury | Pus
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| When pus accumulates in a tissue cavity | Abscess
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| Fever is an abnormal elevation of body temperature | Pyrexia
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| A person having a fever is said to be _______ | Febrile
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| Helps with healing by increasing temperature making the environment harder for pathogen reproduction | Fever
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| As neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria, they secrete a fever-producing substance called | Pyrogen
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| stimulates the anterior hypothalamus to secrete prostaglandin E (PGE) | Pyrogen
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| immune response that targets foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen | Cellular Immunity
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| Also called Cell-mediated | Cellular Immunity
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| Immune response that uses antibodies to target pathogens outside of the host cells | Humoral Immunity
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| the body routinely makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen | Active Immunity
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| to achieve active immunity after receiving an injection of antibodies from another person or animal | Passive Immunity
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| the type of immunity that occurs when the body antibody T cells after being exposed to a particular antigen | Natural Active Immunity
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| the results when the body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination. | Artificial Active Immunity
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| By injecting a vaccine containing dead or weakened pathogens, the recipient's body produces an immune response without actually developing the illness | Artificial Active Immunity
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| this Form of immunity results when a fetus acquires antibodies from the mother though the placenta | Natural Passive Immunity
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| This form of immunity happens when a baby acquires antibodies from the mother though breast feeding | Natural Passive Immunity
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| this form of immunity involves obtaining serum from a person or animal that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen and then injecting it into someone else | Artificial Passive Immunity
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| this form of immunity is typically used in emergencies for treatment of rabies and botulism | Artificial Passive Immunity
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| Commonly known as T Cells, they develop m stem cells in red bone marrow | T Lymphocytes
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| Commonly known as B Cells, also begin life as stem cells in red bone marrow | B Lymphocytes
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| T cells mature in the | Thymus
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| B cells mature in the | Bone marrow
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| Antibodies are also known as | Immunoglobulins
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| Any molecule that triggers an immune response | Antigen
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| Populates mucus membranes in the intestines, respiratory tract, and urinary tract | IgA
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| Also found in saliva, tears and breast milk | IgA
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| Exists in the blood in very small amounts | IgD
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| May activate basophils and mast cells | IgD
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| involved in allergic reactions | IgE
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| is the primary antibody of the secondary immune response | IgG
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| Active in the primary immune response | IgM
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| Also called Killer T Cells- not to be confused with natural killer cells! | Cytotoxic T Cells
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| The body manufactures how many classes of antibodies? | Five
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| Has a supportive role in destroying pathogens that exist within a cell | Helper T Cells
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| Remember the pathogen in case of future invasion | Memory T Cells
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| the phagocyte that displays fragments of antigen n its surface | Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
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| Alerts the immune system to the presence of a foreign antigen | Antigen Presentation
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| the chemical secreted by helper t cells | Interleukin
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| the most common type of hypersensitivity | Allergy
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| A condition which the immune system reacts to environmental substances | Allergens
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