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Biology Unit 2 Review

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Prokaryote   organism with no nucleus bacteria and archea  
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Eukaryote   organism with nucleus protist, fungi, plant, animal  
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Pili   hairlike projections on bacteria movement conjugation (exchange of genetic material) between bacteria  
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Phospholipid   main component of the lipid bilayer hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic glycerol and fatty acid tails  
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Glycoprotein   membrane protein with carbohydrate attached; can function in  
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Glycolipid   membrane protein with carbohydrate attached; can function in  
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Cholesterol   lipid sterioid that provides support to the lipid bilayer  
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Transmember protein   protein that goes completely through the plasma membrane  
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Integral protein   protein embedded in the membrane  
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Transport proteins   type of transmember proteins that act as channels (for facilitated diffusion) and carriers (for active transport)  
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Peripheral proteins   proteins located on the outerside of the membrane; aid integral proteins; also help to anchor cytoskeleton to plasma membrane  
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Diffusion   random movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration  
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Passive transport   does not use energy; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion  
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Osmosis   diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane  
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Hypertonic solution   solution with more solute  
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Hypotonic solution   solution with less solute  
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Isotonic solution   equal amount of solute  
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Active transport   requires energy; uses carrier proteins, endocytosis and exocytosis  
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Endocytosis   process in which molecules or organisms are brought into the cell; the plasma membrane pinches in creating a transport vessicle  
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Exocytosis   process in which molecules are released from the cell; vessicles bring packaged material to the plama membrane, fuse with the membrane and release contents outside of cell  
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Cytoplasm   liquid (cytosol) and contents of the inner part of the cell  
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Mitochondria   site where cellular respiration occurs; releases energy from sugars and turns it into ATP; able to self-replicate; has own DNA  
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Chloroplasts   converts light energy into chemical energy site of photosynthesis contains chlorophyll  
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Nucleus   houses a cell's genetic material; prominent organelle  
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Nucleolous   contains the parts to make ribosomes dense mass within the nucleus  
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum   builds lipid molecules like oils, phospholipids, and steroids; helps detoxify  
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum   covered with ribosomes transports made proteins by a structure called a vesicle can aide in the production of some proteins  
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Ribosomes   constructs proteins (protein synthesis; reads the instructions dictated by the cell's DNA to make proteins made in nucleolous composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins  
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Lysosomes   contains digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules recycles old organelles part of the body's defense; helps destroy harmful bacteria, viruses, etc. that enter a cell  
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Vacuoles   storage for undigested nutrients central vacuole - in plates; also stores water, pigments, even poisons contractile vacuole; in freshwater protists; pumps excess water out of the cell  
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Golgi Apparatus   modifies, stores, and routes proteins and other chemicals throughout the cell in vesicles or to be released outside of the cell finishes modifications to macromolecules to be exported  
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Plastid   manufacture and store important compounds ex. chloroplasts  
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Peroxisome   break down fatty acids break down toxic materials breaks down hydrogen peroxide  
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Cellular Respiration   production of ATP by products of carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria  
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Photosynthesis   production of sugars byproduct oxygen occurs in the chloroplast  
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Cytoskeleton   protein structures that give a cell shape, organization, and rigidity to enable to the cell to move (if needed) microtubules - can be a track to move molecules and organelles throughout the cell microfilaments - eneable movement and shape change  
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Cilia   numerous short projects with back and forth movement; found on eukaryotic cells aid in cell movement can extend from stationary cells to move substances over the cells (respiratory cells move debris down into the stomach  
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Flagella   thin, whip-like structures with an S shaped movement; found on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells  
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Cell wall   found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (but not animals) cell protection cell structure composed mainly of cellulose in plants  
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