Chapters 9-12
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What was the most important changes brought about by the American Revolution? | The increasing separation of church and state
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| What was a major new political innovation that emerged in the Revolutionary era? | The idea of a written constitution drafted by a convention and ratified by direct vote of the people
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| Despite the Revolution's emphasis on human rights and equality, the Founding Fathers failed to abolish slavery because... | Of their fear that a fight over slavery would destroy fragile national unity
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| The ideal of a "republican motherhood" that emerged from the American Revolution held that... | Women had a special responsibility to cultivate the "civic virtues" of republicanism in their children
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| In the new state constitutions written after the Revolution, the most powerful branch of government was... | The legislative branch
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| One way that American independence actually harmed the nation's economic fortunes was by... | Cutting off American trade with the British empire
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| Attempts to establish strong governments in post-Revolutionary America were seriously hindered by... | The revolutionary ideology that preached natural rights and suspicion of all governmental authority
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| The primary political obstacle to the formation of the first American government under the Articles of Confederation was... | Disputes among the jealous states over control of western lands
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| The greatest weakness of the government under the Articles of Confederation was that... | It had no power to regulate commerce or collect taxes from the sovereign states
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| What did the Northwest Ordinance say about western territories? | After sufficient population growth, western territories could be organized and then join the union as states
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| Shay's Rebellion contributed to the movement for a new constitution by... | Raising the fear of anarchy and disorder among wealthy conservatives
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| Besides George Washington, the most influential figures in the Constitutional Convention were... | Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton
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| The "Great Compromise" finally agreed to by the Constitutional Convention provided that... | There would be representation by population in the House of Representatives by equal representation of all states in the Senate
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| Antifederalists generally found their greatest support among which groups? | The poorer debtors and farmers
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| The crucial federalist successes in the fight for ratification occurred in the states of... | Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York
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| New name for the Anglican Church after it was disestablished and de-Anglicanized in Virginia and elsewhere | Protestant Episcopal Church
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| The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children | Republican Motherhood
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| A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law | Constitutional Convention
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| The first constitutional government of the United States | Articles of Confederation
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| The territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi governed by the acts of 1785 and 1787 | Old Northwest
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| In the new territories, six-mile by six-mile square areas consisting of 36 sections, one of which was set aside for public schools | Townships
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| The status of a western area under the Northwest Ordinance after it established an organized government but before it became a state | Territory
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| A failed revolt in 1786 by poor debtor farmers that raised fears of "mobocracy" | Shay's Rebellion
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| The plan proposed by Virginia at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population | Large-state plan
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| The plan proposed by New Jersey for a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states regardless of size and population | Small-state plan
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| The compromise between the North and South that resulted in each slave being counted as 60% of a free person for purposes of representation | 3/5 Compromise
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| The opponents of the Constitution who argued against creating such a strong central government | Antifederalists
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| A masterly series of pro-Constitution articles printed in New York by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton | "The Federalist"
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| The official under the new Constitution who would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces, appoint judges and other officials, and have the power to veto legislation | President
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| A list of guarantees that federalists promised to add to the Constitution in order to win ratification | Bill of Rights
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| Group that failed to block the central government they feared but did force the promise of a bill of rights | Antifederalists
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| Father of the Constitution and author of "Federalist No. 10" | James Madison
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| An exclusive order of military officers that aroused strong democratic opposition | Society of the Cincinnati
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| Wealthy conservatives devoted to republicanism who engineered a nonviolent political transformation | Federalists
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| Legislation passed by an alliance of Jefferson and the Baptists that disestablished the Anglican church | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
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| Revolutionary War veteran who led poor farmers in a revolt that failed but had far-reaching consequences | Daniel Shays
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| Elder statesman who lent his prestige to the Constitutional Convention and promoted the "Great Compromise" | Benjamin Franklin
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| The only state to allow a direct vote on the Constitution | New York
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| Frustrated foreign affairs secretary under the Articles; one of the three authors of "The Federalist" | John Jay
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| Legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states | Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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| First of key states where federalists won by a narrow margin over the opposition of antifederalist Sam Adams | Massachusetts
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| Virginia antifederalist leader who thought the Constitution spelled the end of liberty and equality | Patrick Henry
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| Unanimously elected chairman of the secret convention of "demi-gods" | George Washington
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| Young New Yorker who argued eloquently for the Consitution even though he favored an even stronger central government | Alexander Hamilton
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| Document of 1781 that was put out of business by the Constitution | Articles of Confederation
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| What was the effect of the American Revolution? | Brought about somewhat greater social and economic equality and the virtual end of slavery in the North
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| What was the effect of the agreement among states to give up western land claims? | Made possible the approval of the Articles of Confederation and the passage of two important laws governing western lands
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| What was the effect of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation? | Nearly bankrupted the national government and invited assaults on American interests by foreign powers
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| What was the effect of Shays's Rebellion? | Scared conservatives and made them determined to strengthen the central government against debtors
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| What was the effect of the conflict in the Constitutional Convention between large and small states? | Forced the adoption of the "Great Compromise," which required a bicameral legislature with two different bases of representation
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| What was the effect of the North-South conflict in the Constitutional Convention over counting slaves for representation? | Forced acceptance of the "Three-Fifths Compromise," counting each slave as 3/5 of a person for purposes of representation
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| What was the effect of a meeting in Annapolis to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation? | Issued a call to Congress for a special convention to revise the Articles of Confederation
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| What was the effect of antifederalist fears that the Constitution would destroy liberties? | Made the federalists promise to add a bill of rights to the Constitution
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| What was the effect of "The Federalist" and fears that New York would be left out of the Union? | Finally brought New York to ratify the Constitution by a narrow margin
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| What was the effect of the disestablishment of the Anglican Church? | Laid the basis for the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the separation of church and state
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| A key addition to the new federal government that had been demanded by many of the ratifying states was... | A written bill of rights to guarantee liberty
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| One immediate innovation not mentioned in the Constitution that was developed by George Washington's administration was... | The cabinet
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| The Bill of Rights is the name given to provisions whose actual form is... | The first ten amendments to the federal Constitution
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| True or false: Rights to freedom of education and freedom of travel are included in the Bill of Rights. | False
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| The Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reversed the federalist momentum of the Constitution by declaring that... | All rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves
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| What was the intent of Hamilton's first financial policies? | To fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states
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| What was the essential disagreement between Hamilton and Jefferson over the proposed Bank of the United States? | Whether the Constitution granted the federal government the power to establish such a bank
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| The first American political parties developed primarily out of... | The disagreement of Jefferson and his states' rights followers with Hamilton's economic policies
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| Why was the Whiskey Rebellion most significant? | It showed that the new federal government would use force if necessary to uphold its authority
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| Regarding the French Revolution, most Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that... | The Revolution should be supported by American military aid
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| Washington's foreign policy rested on the basic belief that... | It was in America's interest to stay neutral in all European wars.
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| Why did the United States become involved in undeclared hostilities with France in 1797? | French interference with American shipping and freedom of the seas
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| Who were the Alien and Sedition Acts primarily aimed at? | The Jeffersonians and their allegedly pro-French activities and ideas
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| In foreign policy, Jeffersonians essentially believed that... | The United States should turn westward, away from old Europe, and strengthen democracy at home
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| What did Federalists essentially believe concerning government control? | There should be a strong central government controlled by the wealthy and well-educated.
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| The official body designated to choose the President under the new Constitution, which in 1789 unanimously elected George Washington | Electoral College
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| The constitutional office into which John Adams was sworn on April 30, 1789 | Vice President
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| The cabinet office in Washington's administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people | Secretary of the Treasury
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| Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit | Funding
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| Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states | Assumption
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| The first ten amendments to the Constitution | Bill of Rights
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| Political organizations not envisioned in the Constitution and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founding Fathers | Political parties
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| Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792 | French Revolution
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| Agreement signed between two anti-British countries in 1778 that increasingly plagued American foreign policy in the 1790s | Franco-American Alliance
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| Alliance of eight Indian nations led by Little Turtle that inflicted major defeats on American forces in the early 1790s | Miami Confederacy
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| Document signed in 1794 whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans | Jay's Treaty
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| The nation with which the United States fought an undeclared war from 1798 to 1800 | France
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| The political theory on which Jefferson and Madison based their antifederalist resolutions declaring that the thirteen sovereign states had created the Constitution | Compact Theory
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| The doctrine, proclaimed in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional | Nullification
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| The nation to which most Hamiltonian Federalists were sentimentally attached and which they favored in foreign policy | Britain
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| A protest by poor western farmers that was firmly suppressed by Washington and Hamilton's army | Whiskey Rebellion
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| Body organized by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and first headed by John Jay | Supreme Court
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| Brilliant administrator and financial wizard whose career was plagued by doubts about his character and belief in popular government | Alexander Hamilton
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| Political party that believed in the common people, no government aid for business, and a pro-French foreign policy | Republicans
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| President Washington's statement of the basic principles of American foreign policy in his administration | Farewell Address
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| Skillful politician-scholar who drafted the Bill of Rights and moved it through the First Congress | James Madison
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| Institution established by Hamilton to create a stable currency and bitterly opposed by states' rights advocates | Bank of the United States
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| Hamilton's aggressive financial policies of paying off all federal bonds and taking on all state debts | Funding and assumption
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| Harsh and probably unconstitutional laws aimed at radical immigrants and Jeffersonian writers | Alien and Sedition Acts
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| Agreement between the United States and Miami Indians that ceded much of Ohio and Indiana while recognizing a limited sovereignty for the Miamis | Treaty of Greenville
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| Message telling America that it should avoid unnecessary foreign entanglements - a reflection of the foreign policy of its author | Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
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| Secret code names for three French agents who attempted to extract bribes from American diplomats in 1797 | XYZ
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| Washington's secretary of state and the organizer of a political party opposed to Hamilton's policies | Thomas Jefferson
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| Ten constitutional amendments designed to protect American liberties | Bill of Rights
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| Political party that believed in a strong government run by the wealthy, government aid to business, and a pro-British foreign policy | Federalists
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| What was the effect of the need to gain support of wealthy groups for the federal government? | Led to imposition of the first tariff in 1789 and the excise tax on whiskey in 1791
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| What was the effect of the passage of the Bill of Rights? | Guaranteed basic liberties and indicated some swing away from Federalist centralizing
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| What was the effect of the need for federal revenues to finance Hamilton's ambitious policies? | Led Hamilton to promote the fiscal policies of funding and assumption
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| What was the effect of Hamilton's excise tax on western farmers' products? | Caused the Whiskey Rebellion
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| What was the effect of clashes between Hamilton and Jefferson over fiscal policy and foreign affairs? | Led to the formation of the first two American political parties
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| What was the effect of the French Revolution? | Caused bitter divisions in America between anti-Revolution Federalists and pro-Revolution Republicans
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| What was the effect of the danger of war with Britain? | Led Washington to support Jay's Treaty
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| What was the effect of Jay's Treaty? | Aroused Jeffersonian Republican outrage at the Washington administration's pro-British policies
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| What was the effect of the XYZ Affair? | Caused an undeclared war with France
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| What was the fear of the Federalist fear of radical French immigrants? | Caused passage of the Alien Acts
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| The most "revolutionary" development in the critical election of 1800 was... | The peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent
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| What Federalist policy did Jefferson quickly overturn? | The excise tax
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| What principle did the case of Marbury v. Madison establish? | The Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation
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| Why was Jefferson forced to reverse his strong opposition to substantial military forces? | The plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states
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| What was Jefferson's greatest concern in purchasing Louisiana? | Whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution
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| Who was the greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana Purchase? | Thomas Jefferson
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| Although greatly weakened after Jefferson's election, the Federalist party's philosophy continued to have great influence through... | The Federalist judicial rulings of John Marshall
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| What does the term "midnight judges" refer to? | Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams at the last moments of his administration
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| The Republicans' failure to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase established the principle that... | Impeachment should be used only for "high crimes and misdemeanors" and not as a political weapon
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| Jefferson focused his military construction policy primarily on... | Building several hundred small gunboats
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| True or false: The Louisiana Purchase weakened the power of the presidency in foreign affairs. | False. It strengthened it.
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| Name three consequences of the Louisiana Purchase. | Geographical and scientific discoveries of Lewis and Clark; expansion of US as a "democratic empire" with new states admitted to equal membership with the old; allowing US to pursue an isolationist policy by removing the last major foreign threat from NA
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| Jefferson's Embargo Act provided that... | America would prohibit all foreign trade
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| A crucial foreign policy goal for many "war hawks" in the War of 1812 was... | The capture and annexation of Canada
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| Besides creating a pan-Indian military alliance against white expansion, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) urged American Indians to... | Resist white ways and revive their traditional culture
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| Most Indian military resistance east of the Mississippi River was effectively crushed in the two battles of... | Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend
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| Hamiltonian economic measure repealed by Jefferson and Gallatin | Excise tax
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| Action Jefferson took toward Republican "martyrs" convicted under the Federalist Sedition Law | Pardoned
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| Derogatory Republican term for Federalist judges appointed at the last minute by President Adams | Midnight Judges
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| President-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional | Marbury v. Madison
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| The principle, established by Chief Justice Marshall in a famous case, that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional | Judicial review
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| Action voted by House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase | Impeachment
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| Branch of military service that Jefferson considered least threatening to liberty and most necessary to suppressing the Barbary states | Navy
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| Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire | Santo Domingo
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| Territory beyond Louisiana, along the Columbia River, explored by Lewis and Clark | Oregon Country
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| Price paid by the US for the Louisiana Purchase | $15 million
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| American ship fired on by British in 1807, nearly leading to war between the two countries | Chesapeake
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| Jefferson's policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States | Embargo
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| Militantly nationalistic western congressmen eager for hostilities with the Indians, Canadians, and British | War hawks
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| Battle in 1811 where General Harrison defeated the Indian forces under Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) | Tippecanoe
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| Derisive Federalist name for the War of 1812 that blamed it on the Republican president | Mr. Madison's War
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| Former vice president, killer of Alexander Hamilton, and plotter of mysterious secessionist schemes | Aaron Burr
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| Military leader who defeated Tecumseh's brother, "the Prophet," at the Battle of Tippecanoe | William Henry Harrison
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| Swiss-born treasury secretary who disliked national debt but kept most Hamiltonian economic measures in effect | Albert Gallatin
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| American minister to Paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent real estate deal | Robert Livingston
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| Strong believer in strict construction, weak government, and antimilitarism who was forced to modify some of his principles in office | Thomas Jefferson
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| Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation against US expansion | Tecumseh
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| Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate | Samuel Chase
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| British attack on American sailors that aroused angry demands for war | Chesapeake affair
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| Young army officer who joined Jefferson's personal secretary in exploring the Louisiana Purchase and Oregon country | William Clark
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| Restrictive trade policy that hurt Britain but hurt American shippers and farmers even more | Embargo Act of 1807
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| Ruling based on a "midnight judge" case that established the right of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional | Marbury v. Madison
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| North African leader who fought an undeclared war with the United States from 1801 to 1805 | Pasha of Tripoli
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| Gifted black revolutionary whose successful slave revolution indirectly led to Napoleon's sale of Louisiana | Toussaint L'Ouverture
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| French ruler who acquired Louisiana from Spain only to sell it to the United States | Napoleon Bonaparte
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| Federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review | John Marshall
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| What was the effect of Jefferson's moderation and continuation of many Federalist policies? | Created stability and continuity in the transition of power from one party to another
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| What was the effect of Adams's appointment of "midnight judges"? | Aroused Jeffersonian hostility to the Federalist judiciary and led to repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801
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| What was the effect of Marshall's ruling in Marbury v. Madison? | Established the principle of "judicial review" of of laws by the Supreme Court
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| What was the effect of the Barbary pirates' attacks on American shipping? | Forced a reluctant Jefferson to send the US Navy into military action
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| What was the effect of France's acquisition of Louisiana from Spain? | Made Americans eager to purchase New Orleans in order to protect their Mississippi River shipping
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| What was the effect of Napoleon's foreign troubles with Britain and Santo Domingo? | Led to a surprise offer to sell Louisiana to the United States for $15 million
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| What was the effect of the Louisiana Purchase? | Provoked Federalists to charge Jefferson with unconstitutional expansionism
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| What was the effect of British impressment of American sailors and anger at American harboring of British deserters? | Led to an aggressive and deadly assault on the American ship Chesapeake
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| What was the effect of French compliance with Macon's Bill No. 2? | Forced Madison to declare a policy of nonimportation that accelerated the drift toward war
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| What was the effect of Western war hawks' fervor for acquiring Canada and removing resisting Indians? | Caused Harrison's and Jackson's military ventures and contributed to the declaration of war in 1812
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| The greatest American military successes of the War of 1812 came in the... | Naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere
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| Two prominent American military heroes during the War of 1812 were... | Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson
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| The American victory in the Battle of New Orleans proved essentially meaningless because... | The peace treaty had been signed several weeks before
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| The terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 provided that... | The two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war
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| One significant domestic consequence of the War of 1812 was... | An increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence
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| One significant domestic consequence of the War of 1812 was... | A growth in Canadian patriotism and nationalism
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| The Era of Good Feelings was sharply disrupted by... | The panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri
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| True or false: After the War of 1812, there was a significant addition of territory to the United States. | False. There was no new land.
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| Besides admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, the Missouri Compromise provided that... | Slavery would not be permitted anywhere in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except in Missouri itself.
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| In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland, Justic John Marshall held that... | The federal Bank of the United States was constitutional, and no state had a right to tax it.
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| The most prominent political figure who shared John Marshall's belief in expanding the power of the federal government at the expense of the states was... | Daniel Webster
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| Andrew Jackson's invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of that territory after... | Secretary of State Adams pressured Spain to cede the area to the United States
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| The original impetus for declaring the Monroe Doctrine came from... | A British proposal that America join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics
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| As proclaimed by Monroe in his mesage of 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that... | The United States would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas
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| The immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was... | Very small
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| One of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet | Lake Erie
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| Stirring patriotic song written by Francis Scott Key | Star-Spangled Banner
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| Famous American frigate that was larger and heavier than most British ships | The Constitution
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| Gathering of prominent New England Federalists who considered secession | Hartford Convention
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| Two prominent Washington buildings burned by the British in 1814 | Capitol and White House
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| Intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism | "North American Review"
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| Henry Clay's ambitious nationalistic proposal for tariffs, internal improvements, and expanded manufacturing | American System
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| Somewhat inappropriate term applied to the Monroe administrations, suggesting that this period lacked major conflicts | Era of Good Feelings
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| Once-prominent political party that effectively died by 1820 | Federalists
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| Major water transportation route financed and built by New York State after President Madison vetoed federal funding | Erie Canal
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| Line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise | 36 30'
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| Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank | McCulloch v. Maryland
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| Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not charge a legal charter once granted | Dartmouth College v. Woodward
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| Territory occupied jointly by Britain and the United States under the Treaty of 1818 | Oregon
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| A presidential foreign-policy proclamation that might well have been called the "Adams Doctrine" or the "Self-Defense Doctrine" | Monroe Doctrine
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| Admitted one slave and one free state to the Union, and fixed the boundary between slave and free territories | Missouri Compromise
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| Military commander who exceeded his government's instructions during an invasion of Spanish territory | Andrew Jackson
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| The leading voice promoting nationalism and greater federal power in the United States Senate during the 1820s | Daniel Webster
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| Aristocratic Federalist jurist whose rulings bolstered national power against the states | John Marshall
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| Eloquent Kentucky spokesman for the "American System" and key architect of the Missouri Compromise in the US Senate | Henry Clay
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| Nationalistic secretary of state who promted American interests against Spain and Britain | John Quincy Adams
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| Area where vulnerable new republics tempted European monarchies to intervene | Latin America
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| American naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, "...our country, right or wrong!" | Stephen Decatur
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| First severe depression since 1790 | Panic of 1819
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| Territory ceded by Spain after Americans invaded and applied diplomatic pressure | Florida
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| Gathering of antiwar delegates in New England that ended up being accused of treason | Hartford Convention
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| President whose personal popularity contributed to the Era of Good Feelings | James Monroe
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| Agreement that simply stopped fighting and left most of the war issues unresolved | Treaty of Ghent
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| 1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes | Rush-Bagot agreement
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| Russian ruler whose mediation proposal led to negotiations ending the War of 1812 | Tsar Alexander I
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| What was the effect of American lack of military preparation and poor strategy? | Produced a series of badly failed attempts to conquer Canada
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| What was the effect of Oliver H. Perry's and Thomas Macdonough's naval successes? | Reversed a string of American defeats and prevented a British-Canadian invasion from the north
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| What was the effect of Tsar Alexander I's mediation proposal? | Eventually led to the beginnings of peace negotiations at Ghent
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| What was the effect of the Hartford Convention? | Contributed to the death of the Federalist party and the impression that New Englanders where disloyal
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| What was the effect of Canadians' successful defense of their homeland in the War of 1812? | Inspired a new sense of Canadian nationalism
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| What was the effect of the Rush-Bagot agreement? | Reduced armaments along the border between the United States and Canada and laid the groundwork for "the longest unfortified boundary in the world"
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| What was the effect of the rising nationalistic economic spirit after the War of 1812? | Inspired a new Bank of the United States and the protectionist Tariff of 1816
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| What was the effect of the disappearance of the Federalists and President Monroe's appeals to New England? | Created a temporary one-party system and an "Era of Good Feelings"
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| What was the effect of overspeculation in western lands? | Caused the economy to collapse in the panic of 1819
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| What was the effect of cheap land and increasing westward migration? | Fueled demands in Congress for transportation improvements and the removal of the Native Americans
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| What was the effect of the deadlock between North and South over the future of slavery in Missouri? | Produced the Missouri Compromise, which admitted two states and drew a line between slave and free territories
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| What was the effect of the Missouri Compromise? | Aroused souther fears for the long-term future of slavery
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| What was the effect of John Marshall's Supreme Court rulings? | Upheld the power of the federal government against the states
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| What was the effect of the rise of European reactionary powers and the loss of Spain's colonial empire? | Aroused American and British fears of European intervention in Latin America
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| What was the effect of the Monroe Doctrine? | Angered Britain and other European nations but had little effect in Latin America
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