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Chapter 2,3,4

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Plants do what during photosynthesis   convert solar energy to carbs  
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What does C,H,O stand for   Carbs,Hydrogen,Oxygen  
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Is wheat bread good or bad for you? And what is it?   good, insoluble fiber  
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What ethnic group suffer from the highest degree of lactose intolerance   Native Americans  
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What is the primary fuel source?   carbs  
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carbs are plentiful in the food supply and are an important contribution to a   well balanced diet  
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Our body needs __ to survive   energy  
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what 2 actions require energy   voluntary and involuntary  
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the energy derived from calories are supplied by   food  
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what 3 things must a successful energy system have to do?   1- change basic fuel to refined fuel (glucose) 2- carry fuel to places that need it 3- burn refined fuel  
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what food is quick energy?   carbs  
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what reasons exist for large quantities of carbs   1- widely available and easily grown 2- relatively low in cost 3-easily stored  
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how much Kcal in the American diet comes from carbs   half  
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what are Monosaccharides   single sugars, simple carbs  
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what are class members of Monosaccharides   glucose (dextrose) fructose galactose  
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what are sources of Monosaccharides   corn syrup (processed foods) fruits honey lactose (milk)  
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what are disaccharides   double sugars, simple carbs  
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what are class members of disaccharides   sucrose, lactose, maltose  
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what are sources of disaccharides   table sugar (sugar cane, sugar beets) milk molasses starch digestion, intermediate sweetener in food products starch digestion, final  
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what are polysaccharides   multiple sugars, complex carbs  
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what class members are polysaccharides   starch glycogen  
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what are sources of polysaccharides   grains and grain products (cereal, bread, crackers, backed goods) rice, corn, bulgur legumes potatoes and other vegetables storage form of carbs in animal tissue (not a dietary source)  
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how are carbs classified   according to number of sugar, saccharide  
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How many single sugars are there   3  
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the 3 single sugars in nutrition are   glucose, fructose, and galactose  
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Monosaccharides are the __ __ for all carbs   building blocks  
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where are the carbs quickly absorbed from   the intestine  
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next, the carbs go from the intestine to the   blood stream  
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once the carbs QUICKLY are absorbed from the intestine into the blood stream, they are carried to the   liver  
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Once the carbs reach the liver, they are stored as __ for a constant backup energy supply or used for immediate energy needs   glycogen  
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the BASIC SINGLE sugar in the body metabolism is   glucose  
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glucose, the form of sugar circulating in the blood and is the __ fuel for __   primary cells  
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glucose is also called   dextrose  
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Where is fructose mainly found   fruits  
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what is manufactured by changing the glucose in cornstarch to fructose   high- fructose corn syrup  
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what is increasingly being used in processed food, canned and frozen fruits, and soft drinks   high- fructose corn syrup  
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what is an inexpensive sweetener and a major source of increased sugar intake in the US   high- fructose corn syrup  
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what mainly comes from the digestion of milk sugar, or lactose   galactose  
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_ are SIMPLE DOUBLE sugars composed of 2 single-sugar units liked together   disaccharides  
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the 3 disaccharides are important to nutrition   sucrose, lactose, and maltose  
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Glucose + Fructose=   sucrose  
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Glucose + Galactose =   lactose  
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glucose + glucose =   maltose  
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common table sugar   sucrose  
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sugar in milk   lactose  
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lactose aids in the absorption of   calcium and phosphorus  
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what is derived in the body from breakdown of starch   maltose  
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polysaccharides are _ carbs   complex  
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the important polysaccharides in nutrition are   starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber  
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what is the most significant polysaccharide   starch  
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starches are in   grains, legumes, and other vegetables. some fruits in small amounts  
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what are more complex in structure than simple sugars, thus breaking down slower and supplying energy over longer period   starches  
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what is the most important dietary carb worldwide   starch  
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the DRIs recommend that __ to __ % of total Kcal consumed come from carbs   45-65  
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what are major food sources of starch   grains in the form of cereal, pasta, crackers, bread, baked goods, beans, peas, potatoes, rice, and corn.  
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where is glycogen found   animal muscle tissue  
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animal starch is another name for   glycogen  
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is glycogen a significant source of carbs in the diet   NO  
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glycogen is a carb formed within __ and is crucial to the body's __ and __ __   body's tissues metabolism and energy balance  
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where is glycogen found   liver and muscles  
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glycogen is constantly broken down to form __ for __ energy needs   glucose immediate  
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what help sustain normal blood glucose during short-term fasting periods (sleep) and immediate duel for muscle action   glycogen  
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does dietary fiber have a direct energy value like other carbs   NO  
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why does dietary fiber not have a direct energy value like other carbs   humans lack the necessary enzymes to digest it  
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increasing attention has focused on the relation of fiber to health promotion and disease prevention, especially to __, __, and __   GI- gastrointestinal cardiovascular disease management of diabetes  
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cellulose if the __ part of the framework of __   chief plants  
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cellulose remains __ in the __ and provides important __ to the diet.   undigested Gi tract bulk  
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what helps move the food mass along, stimulating normal muscle action in the intestine, and forms feces.   bulk in the cellulose  
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what are the main sources of cellulose   stems and leaves of vegetables and covering of seeds and grains  
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many health organizations have recommended increasing intake of   complex carbs and dietary fiber  
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recommended daily fiber intake for men 50 and younger is   38 g/day  
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recommended daily fiber intake for women 50 and younger is   25 g/day  
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can you have too much fiber   YES  
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sudden increases in fiber intake can result in   gas, bloating, and constipation  
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how should fiber be increased?   gradually  
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what should you take increase with fiber   water  
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the average intake in american diets remains at ____ the recommendations   less than half  
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what health benefits (6 things) are scientists confident of with consuming adequate amounts of fiber   1- lower bld cholesterol levels 2- promotes normal bowel function & movements/ prevents constipation 3- aids in obesity prevention 4- protects against colon cancer 5- slows glucose absorption, reducing spikes & insulin secretion 6- prevents diverticu  
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how can health professionals assist the public in evaluating their fiber intake by   educating and encourage the use of food labels  
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what is the main function of carbs   provide fuel  
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what provides readily available energy needed for physical activities as well as the work of the body cells   carbs  
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__ is a fuel, but body only needs small amount of it   fat  
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why does the body mainly need fat   to supply the essential fatty acids  
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carbs also serve as special functions in   many body tissues and organs  
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glycogen reserves in teh __ and __ provide a constant exchange with the body's overall   liver and muscle energy balance system  
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what helps regulate both protein and fat metabolism   carbs  
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if _ is sufficient to meet general body needs, __ does not have to be broken down to supply energy   carbs proteins  
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__ action of carbs protect protein, allowing it to be used for its MAJOR ROLE in TISSUE GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE   protein-sparing  
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what is protein-sparing's major role   tissue growth and maintenance  
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__ is a product of incomplete fat oxidation in the cells   keytones  
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keytones are __ acids   strong  
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the condition of acidosis, or keytones, upsets what balance of the body and can become serious   normal acid-base  
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keytones protective action of carbs is called   antiketogenic effect  
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__ are the preferred fuel for the hear muscle,   fatty acids  
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__ is a vital emergency fuel   glycogen  
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in a damaged heart, low glycogen stores or inadequate carbs may cause Sx of __ and __   cardiac disorder angina  
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constant carb intake and reserves are necessary for proper functioning of the   CNS  
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the master center of the CNS, __ has __ stored supply of __   brain NO glucose  
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sustained and profound shock from low blood sugar may cause __ and result in   brain damage coma and/or death  
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where does the digestion of carb foods, starches, and sugar begin   mouth  
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what is mastication   chewing of food  
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what does mastication do   breaks food into fine particles and mixes with saliva  
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during mastication, the salivary enzyme (salivary amylase) is secreted by the   parotid glands  
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where are the parotid glands   under each ear at the back of the jaw  
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what do wavelike contractions of the muscle fibers of the stomach do   continue the MECHANICAL digestive process  
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wavelike contractions, called peristalsis further mixes food particles with __ to facilitate __ digestion   gastric secretions chemical  
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what does hydrochloric acid in the stomach do   stops the action of salivary amylase in food mass  
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what continues to mix the food mass and move it to the lower part of the stomach   muscle action  
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after the food gets to the lower part of the stomach, the food mass is a thick creamy __, and its ready for it CONTROLLED emptying through the __ __ into the __   chyme pyloric valve duodenum  
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what is the first portion of the small intestine called   duodenum  
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what is HCL   hydrochloric acid  
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__ continues to aid digestion in the small intestine by   peristalsis mixing and moving the chyme along the length of the tube  
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where is the chemical digestion of carbs COMPLETED __________ from both the   small intestine by specific enzymes pancreas and intestine  
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secretions from the pancreas enter the duodenum through the   common bile duct  
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secretions from the pancreas that enter the duodenum contain the starch enzyme __ for continued breakdown of   pancreatic amylase starch to disaccharides and monosaccharides.  
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what 3 disaccharidases does enzymes from the brush border of the intestinal tract contain   sucrase lactase maltase  
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sucrase, lactase, maltase act on their respective disaccharides to render the monosaccharides _____ ___ __ ready for absorption directly into the __ blood circulation   glucose, galactose, fructose portal  
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_ the inability to break lactose down into its monosaccharide units (glucose and galactose) results from a lack of the enzyme _   lactose intolerance lactase  
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Sx of lactose intolerance is   bloating, gas, abdominal pain, and diarrhea  
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lactose intolerance affects approx. _ adults worldwide (higher in some countries and ethnic groups)   75%  
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what is it when lactase is absent or deficient from the brush border cells of the small intestine   hypolactasia  
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what happens if the disaccharide lactose can not be hydrolyzed to its respective monosaccharides   the unabsorbed sugar ATTRACTS excess fluid into the gut  
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what are the dietary guidelines for americans general guide lines for   promote health  
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what 3 things do the guidelines advise individuals to do   1- choose fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grain often 2- choose and prep food/beverages with little added sugars or caloric sweeteners 3-reduce dental caries- good hygiene& consuming sugar-starch foods/drinks less often  
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where can you find: 1- tips for consuming more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. 2- serving size info 3- health benefits and nutrients associated with each food group 4- sample menus   mypyramid  
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end of chapter 2- CARBS   next is chapter 3- FATS  
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