Midterm
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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Hierarchy for Organisms | KPCOFGS Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Prokarotic | single cells, NO nucleus or cellular organelles. Ex: Bacteria/Eubacteria/Archaebacteria
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Eurkaryotic | multi cellular, have nucleus, - plants, animals, fungi, protista
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Mutations | source of variation, in DNA, most are harmful
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Adaptive Traits ( non harmful mutations) | gives an individual an advantage to survive, ie: sickle cell survives malaria; certain bacteria only live in hot environments
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Evolution | occurs in population, not person, occurs in DNA. Ex: smaller jaw, obsolete appendix, little toe shrinking,
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Artificial Selection | breeders favor some traits, breed them. Size of tomatoes, tangelos, labradoodles
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Natural Selection | "survival of the fittest" = whether or not ones genes are included in the next generation
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Scientific Method | 1 Observe
2 Develop Hypothesis
3 Make a prediction
4 Test
5 Analyze the results / Conclusion
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Element | fundamental form of matter, can't be broken apart naturally
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Biological CHNOPS | most common elements in a living organisms: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfer
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Atoms | smallest particles that retain properties of an element. Have Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
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Atomic Number | the number of protons in an element
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Mass Number | the number of protons AND neutrons
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Ionic Bond | 2 atoms exchange electrons, transferred. *Broken with water*
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Covalent Bond | 2 atoms share electrons
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Hydrogen Bond | occur between hydrogen and nitrogen or hydrogen and oxygen. *Within ajacent molecules. Weak individually, Very Strong in large numbers. **The only way to break a hydrogen bond is with heat***
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Ions | formed when an element gains or loses e- making it + or -
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90% of cells are | water
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Water | Polar. Solvent. Cohesive (molecules bound tightly). Temperature Stabilizing Effect.
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Specific Heat | amount of energy needed to change one gram one degree celsius
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Hydrophilic | Love water. Polar, dissolves in water .. sugar, salt.
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Hydrophobic | Non polar, doesn't dissolve in water .. oil.
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pH scale | the measure of hydrogen ions in a solution
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Acidic | more H+, donate H+, lower pH, produce H when react with metal, OJ, tomatoes, coffee ; begins with H = acid; HCl
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Basic | fewer H+, accept H+, when electrolyzed they release -OH, cleaners, milk of magnesium, bleach ; ends with OH = base; NaOH
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All life is made of Carbon | 6 on periodic table, 6 protons, 6 neutrons, mass number = 12.
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Neutrons are sticky | they're inbetween the protons to keep the nucleus together
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What kind of bonds does Carbon choose ? | covalent, can bond with itself - single, double, or triple bonds.
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Lipids | insulation, energy ; cholesteral, waxes, fats. Cell membranes are two layers of lipids.
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Saturated/Unsaturated | Sat - single bonds Unsat - one or more double bonds
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Carbohydrates (-ose) | used for energy, respiration, and make up exoskeletons, covalent bonds
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Monosaccharides | dioxyribose
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Polysaccharides | ribose
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Proteins | form blood, hair, nails, muscles and enzymes. ** DNA makes protein.
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Amino acids | 20 naturally occur. Peptide bonds.
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AA Primary / Secondary | sequence of AA / twist, pleated sheet, alphahelix
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AA Tertiary / Quaternary | twisted bonded shape / 4 tertiaries
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Cells are measured in | micrometers, their parts are measured in nanometers
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Why aren't cells bigger? | They rely on the cell membrane to transport everything. Oxygen can't diffuse that far. **Surface Area to Volume Ratio **
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Cell Theory | 1 - All living things are made of cells. 2 - the cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life. 3 - Continuity of life arises directly from growth and cell division of single cells.
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Three Basic Parts of a Cell | 1) Cell Membrane (2) DNA containing region (3) Cytoplasm containing ribosomes (to transcribe DNA)
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Cell Membrane | made of phospholipids, double membrane, hydrophillic heads with hydrophobic tails. They are fluid mosiacs.
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Chromatin | All DNA associated proteins in the nucleus
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ER | bends proteins into shape
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Golgi body | transports protein out of the cell
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Lysosomes | waste disposal
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Vacuoles | *in plants* controls the water levels
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Mitochondrion | site of respiration, makes ATP
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Cristae | squiggle in mitochondra
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Chloroplasts | *in plants* contains thylakoids, site of photosynthesis
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Buffers | stop a change in pH, soaks up H+, keeps solution neutral, blood is a buffer
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The higher things go, the _____ potential energy it hass | greater
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Energy is the | capacity to do work
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Energy cannot be | created nor destroyed
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Energy flows from | high to low, down the concentration gradient, with heat being the least useful form
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Every conversion of energy releases | heat.
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As a system loses energy | it becomes more disorganized.
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Entropy | the measure of disorder of a system
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ATP | made of Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates
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Each glucose produces, how many ATP? | 36
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Phosphates are bound by | high energy bonds
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Metabolism | is directional, down the concentration gradient, releases energy/heat. It either makes something ~ photosynthesis, or uses something up ~ respiration
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Endergonic | the rxn needs a kick start
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Exergonic | spontaneous and release energy.
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Exothermic Rxn | gives off more energy than it uses to start
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Endothermic Rxn | uses more energy to begin than it gives off
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Enzymes | lowers necessary activation energy, can be reused, specific to certain parts of the reactions,
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All enzymes are | proteins. They only work in certain temperatures, pHs and salinities.
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Heterotrophs | feed on other things
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Autotrophs | produce their own food
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1st stage of photosynthesis | Requires light. Water is split by light, drives out e-, when it goes back to ground state, it releases energy, the e- get caught in the chlorophyll, finally releasing oxygen, occurs in and out of the membranes of the chloroplasts stacks.
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2nd stage of photosynthsis | independent of light.
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Fermentation | yeast cells > only produce 2 ATP per 1 glucose, an aerobic conditions; produces alcohol
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Aerobic Respiration | mitochondria releases 36 ATP
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Electron transport chains | (photosynthesis and aerobic respiration) yields 32 ATP
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Lactic acid | builds up in muscles, lack of oxygen, cramps
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Why do cells divide? | to allow us to be more complex, to grow, to reproduce offspring ;; to repair and replace dead cells
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Prokaryotes reproduce... | through fission, ~asexual~
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Eukaryotes reproduce.. | by mitosis and meiosis ;; sexual
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Chromosomes | very tightly coiled DNA, coiled around histones
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Humans have ___ chromosomes | 46 with 23 pairs.
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22 pairs are | autosomal ; one pair controls our sexQuaterary
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Mitosis | chromosomes duplicate, two daughter cells just like parent cell
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Cancer is | cell division our of control
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Alleles | different forms of the gene
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Meiosis | Parent is diploid, chromosomes duplicate, cell splits, then splits again. 4 haploids are produced.
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Nondisjunction | occurs when incorrect # of chromosomes end up in a gamete cell
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Monohybrid | one allele pair
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Homozygous | the alleles are the same
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Heterozygous | the alleles are different
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Back cross/test cross | uses a double recessive to test pure breed
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DNA is made up of | nucleotides
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Nucleotides are | three molecules -- phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen base
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Purines | two rings, adenine, guanine
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Pyrimidines | one ring, thymine, cytosine, uracil
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# of Hydrogen bonds btwn A&T | 2
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# of Hydrogen bonds btwn C&G | 3
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These check to be sure there were no mistakes made in replication | Enzymes
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Replication | DNA makes DNA
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Transcription | DNA makes RNA
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Translation | RNA makes protein
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RNA | a copy of one side, single strand, has NO thymine, Uracil instead,
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3 nucleotide bases = | a codon
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AUG | is the start codon
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mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA
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Deletion in transcriptions | can cause the ribosome to miss the cue to start making proteins, and certain proteins are left out. *deletions cause frameshift mutations* Ex: cystic fibrosis
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Created by:
malsue88
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