Question | Answer |
Potassium | normal concentration 3.5-5 meq/L, must be maintained within its normal range or else serious complications |
hypokalemia | K <3.5 meq/L, caused by diuretics, vomiting, NG suctioning,diarrhea,liver failure, alkalosis, decreased intake and increased output, steroids, and B-agonist drugs |
signs and symptoms of hypokalemia | muscle weakness and cramps, fatigue, confusion, cardia arrhythmias, and metabolic alkalosis |
hyperkalemia | causes: too rapid IV administration of K+, anything that inhibits K+ excretion (renal failure) |
signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia | metabolic acidosis, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias,nausea/vomit |
treatment of hyperkalemia | diuretics, IV glucose and insulin (increased K+ uptake by cells, CaCl or Ca+ |
Calcium | 50% of Ca in blood is bound to protein and is affected by blood pH( increased PH=more Ca binds to protein) |
hypocalcemia causes: | renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, hyperthyroidism, dificiency in magnesium |
signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia | muscle craps and weakness, tetany, arrhythmias |
function of Ca+ | initiates muscular contraction, maintains neuromuscular irritability, normal blood coagulation, and maintains integrity of bones, Ca present in equal amounts ionized and nonionized |
Treatment of hypocalcemia | treat underlying cause, vitamin D |
Hypercalcemia causes: | renal failure, some malignancies, hyperthyroidism |
signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia | arrhytmias, neuromuscular weakness/fatigue, nausea/ vomiting |
treatment of hypercalcemia | treat underlying problem, diuretics, administer phosphate |
magnesium | predominately found intracellulary |
hypomagnesium causes: | renal failure, decrease in dietary intake, GI disturbances, alcoholism |
signs and symptoms of hypomagnesium | muscle craps, weakness, tetany, nausea/vomiting, arrhythmias |
hypermagnosemia causes | causes: renal failure, diabetes mellitis, adrenal insufficiency, and high magnesium diet+ |
hypermagnosemia signs and symptoms | muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias |
treatment of hypermagnosemia | diuretics, dialysis if caused by renal failure |
sodium regulation via NaCL mechanism | sodium to maintain neutrality is accompanied by active transport with CL from the glomerular filtrate and into the renal tubular cell, both Na+ and Cl- are transported to the ECF and ultimately to the plasma (blood) |
Sodium regulation via NaHCO3 mechanism | 1) recaptures Na+2)HCO3 are reabsorbed(100% of HCO3 in tubules reabsorbed) |
3 things that will increase the HCO3 production/reabsorption | 1. increase in PCO2 (stimulates renal compensation)2.decrease in blood volume (renin-angiotensin system)3. decrease in K+ concentration in blood |
Angiotensin II causes: | systemic vasoconstriction which increases BP |
Angiotensin II stimulates the production of: | Aldosterone |
Aldosterone | stimulates NaHCO3 reabsorption because water reabsorption follows Na+ reabsorption, blood volume increases and improves perfusion to the kidneys |
hyperaldosterone | can result in metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia |
Diaretics can interfere with either___________or___________reabsorption | NaCl, or NaHCO3 |
Urinary buffers 2 main functions | 1. excrete daily acid load( esp. fixed acids)2. regenerate bicarb that's lost during extracellular buffering |
3 main urinary buffers | 1.amonia2.phosphate3.HCO3 |
amonia works by: | combining with H+ ions to form NH3 which minimizes the fall in pH |
phosphate | enhances excretion of H+ |
anion gap | used with metabolic acidosishelps diagnosing causes of met.acidosis |
high anion gap= | increased amount of fixed acids |
MUDPILERS | methanol,uremia,diabetes/diabetic ketoacidosis,propylene glycol, Inhaled drugs used to treat TB, lactic acidosis, etholyene glycol, Renal failure, salicylates |