Question | Answer |
Candida | yeast-like fungus normally present in the mouth, skin, vagina & intestinal tract |
Thrush | Candida infection of the mouth |
Cryptoccocus | yeast-like fungus; pathogen found in pigeon droppings, nesting places, air, water & soil |
retinitis | inflammation of retina at back of the eye |
Cryptosporidium | parasitic, one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals |
Histoplasma capsulatum | fungus; pathogen found in bird & bat droppings |
pneumoccocus jirovecii | one-celled organism responsible for PCP; pathogen found in air, water, and soil; carried by animals |
Bactrim | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
Toxoplasma | pathogen causing toxoplasmosis |
Myobacterium tuberculosis | bacteria causing Tuberculosis (TB) |
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | a cytokine that promotes neutophil production |
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | cytokine secreted by macrophages that poromotes growth of myeloid progenitor cells & differentiation to granulocytes |
highly active antiretroviral therapy | use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS |
natural killer cell | lymphocyte that recognizes & destroys foreign cells by releasing cytotoxins |
acquired immunity | formation of antibodies & lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen |
AIDS | depression/supression of immune system after exposure to HIV |
adenoids | masses of lymphatic tissue in nasopharnyx |
allergen | substance capable of causing a specfic hypersensitivity in the body; an antigen |
antibody | protein produced in bloodstream by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen |
antibodies destroy or weaken | antigens |
autoimmune disease | chronic disabling disease cause by abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues |
axillary node | lymph node under the arm |
B cell | lymphocyte originating in bone marrow & transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies |
CD4+ lymphocytes | helper T cells that carry CD4+ protein antigen on their surface |
cell-mediated immunity | type of immune response involving T cell lymphocytes, which act directly on antigens to destroy them |
cervical node | lymph node in neck |
cytokine | protein that aids cells to destroy antigens |
interleukins & interferons are | cytokines |
cytotoxic cell | T cell lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells |
T8 cell is | a cytotoxic cell |
denritic cell | type of macrophage that captures antigens & presents them to T cells for destruction |
helper T cell | lymphocyte that aids B cell lymphocyte in recognizing antigens & stimulating antibody production |
humoral immunity | immune response in which a B cell lymphocyte transforms into a plasma cell & secretes antibodies |
hypersensistivity | abnormal condition characterized by an exaggerated response of immune system to an antigen |
hypersplenism | syndrome of spleen enlargement & destruction of red blood cells |
immune response | body's capability to resist foreign organisms & toxins that can damage tissue & organs |
immunoglobulins | react with antigens, transforming them into harmless substances or break them down to be disposed of by phagocytes |
immunosuppression | blocking/turning off normal immune response |
immunotherapy | use of immunologic techniques to treat disease |
inguinal node | lymph node in groin region |
interferons | anti-viral proteins secreted by lymphocytes |
interleukins | proteins that stimulate immune system including B & T cell lymphocytes |
interstitial fluid | fluid that fills spaces between cells |
lymph | fluid that circulates within lymph vessels & lymph nodes |
lymph capillaries | tiny lymph vessels that carry lymph through body |
lymph node | small, stationary, bean-shaped structures that occur in clusters along the path of lymph vessels |
lymph vessels | carry lymph throughout body |
lymphadenitis | inflammation of lymph nodes |
lymphadenopathy | disease of lymph nodes |
lymphedema | abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels & backflow of lymph |
lymphocytes | white blood cells that develop promarily in lymph nodes & spleen; fight against foreign organisms |
lymphocytopenia | deficiency of lymphocytes |
lymphocytosis | increased numbers of lymphocytes in bloodstream |
lymphoid organs | organs containing & derived from lymphatic tissue |
spleen, thymus gland & lymph nodes are all | lymphoid organs |
lymphopoiesis | formation of lymphocytes |
macrophage | large phagocyte found in lymphatic & connective tissues; derived from monocyte |
mediastinal node | lymph node in mediastinum |
monoclonal antibody | antibody produced in lab to attack specific antigens |
plasma cell | B cell lymphocyte that secretes antibodies |
retrovirus | virus that makes copies of itself using host cell's DNA; reverse of normal replication mechanism in cells |
HIV is | a retrovirus |
right lymphatic duct | received lymph from right side of body & empties lymph into a vein in neck |
spleen | organ in the LUQ, that produces, stores & eliminates blood cells |
splenectomy | removal of spleen |
splenomegaly | enlargement of spleen |
supressor T cell | lymphocyte that inhibits activity of B & T cell lymphocytes |
T cell | lymphocyte orginating in thymus gland & destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines |
thoracic duct | large lymphatic vessel in upper chest |
thymectomy | removal of thymus gland |
thymus gland | lymphoid organ that produces T cell lymphocytes & aids in immune response |
tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of back of mouth |
toxic | pertaining to a toxin |
toxins | poison or harmful substance |
vaccination | introduction of vaccine to produce immunity |
type of an acquired immunuty | vaccination |
vaccine | weakened/dead antigen is administered to induce production of antibodies resulting in immunity |
lymphatic system | complex network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood |
lymphatic vessels | absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation |
lymph is a | clear, watery liquid that is derived from the fluid surrounding the body's cells flowing through lymphatic vasculature |
liquid portion of lymph contains | water, salts, sugar, proteins, lipids (fats), and metabolic wastes |
Lymph also contains | a variety of white blood cells, or leukocytes, and is particularly rich in lymphocytes and monocytes |
lymphatic vessels begin in | the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body |
in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body fluid that has filtered out of blood capillaries flows into | single-layered vessels, or lymph capillaries |
Networks of ___ are widely distributed throughout the body. | lymph capillaries |
lymphatic system | complex network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood |
lymphatic vessels | absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation |
lymph is a | clear, watery liquid that is derived from the fluid surrounding the body's cells flowing through lymphatic vasculature |
liquid portion of lymph contains | water, salts, sugar, proteins, lipids (fats), and metabolic wastes |
Lymph also contains | a variety of white blood cells, or leukocytes, and is particularly rich in lymphocytes and monocytes |
lymphatic vessels begin in | the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body |
in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body fluid that has filtered out of blood capillaries flows into | single-layered vessels, or lymph capillaries |
Networks of ___ are widely distributed throughout the body. | lymph capillaries |
lymph is similar to | blood plasma |
lymph is formed from blood plasma during | capillary exchnage |
lymph eventually returns to the blood as part of the | venous flow |
lymph does not rely on the ___ to pump it throughout the system | heart |
lymph flows much ____ than blood | slower |
lymph moves through vessels according to the | pressure gradient, skeletal muscle action, & repiratory movements |
lymph also moves through vessels based on contraction of ___ & valves in vessel walls | smooth muscle |
lymphatic vessels are similar to | veins |
lymphatic vessels differ from veins because they are | thinner & have more valves inside of them |
smaller lymphatic vessels merge into larger ones until they merge into the | right & thoracic lymphatic ducts |
the right & thoracic lymphatic ducts empty into the | right & left subclavian veins |
when lymph reaches the right & left subclavian veins it will then be added to the blood | flowing to the heart |
lymph capillaries merge to form larger tubules | called lymph vessels |
lymph vessels are greater in diameter & have thicker walls | than lymph capillaries |
lymph from the RUQ drains into | the right lymphatic duct |
lymph from all areas in the body, with exception to RUQ, empty into | the thoracic duct |
the lymph from the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian at the point of | its juncture with the left jugular vein |
lymph nodes vary | in size |
lymph nodes act as a ___ removing invading organisms and noxious agents | filter |
largest clusters of lymph nodes are found in the ____, ___, ___ & ___ regions | cervical; axillary; mediastinal; inguinal |
lymph nodes are located in ___/___ in the nervous system | clusters; groups |
what protects each lymph node? | fibrous capsule |
fibrous capsule is | an outer shell of dense tissue around a lymph node |
lymph nodules | compact clusters of lymphocytes within the nodes, and form the node's main structure |
what are the 2 main functions of lymph nodes? | defense & white bell cell formation |
lymph enters the nodes through what? | several affarent lymph vessels |
lymph exists the nodes through what? | one efferent lymph vessel |
once inside the node, lymph passes through nodal spaces called | sinuses |
lymph sinuses are lined with specialized cells called | macrophages |
the macrophages function is to | engulf & destroy infectious agents |
during physical exercise, lymph flow | sunstantially increases, 10 to 15 fold |
during a 24hr period ____ of lumph are pumped into the bloodstream | 3 liters |
What serves as the first line of protection against germs that enter the body through the nose and mouth? | palatine tonsils & adenoids |
the thymus gland lies | in the mediastinum |
the thymus consists of two lobes that contain | lymphoid cells |
in early development of the the thymus it learns | tolerance |
tolerance, learned by the thymus, is defines as | learning to identify & accept the body's antigens |
autoimmune disease occurs when this fails causing the immune system to attack its own antigens | recognition & tolerance |
the thymus gland is largest and performs its most important work during | the prenatal & early childhood periods |
the spleen is the largest of the | lymphatic organs |
the spleen is shaped like a(n) | oversized lymph node |
a fibrous capsule also surrounds | the spleen |
venous sinuses of the spleen are called | red pulp |
the red pulp of the spleen stores | large numbers of red blood cells |
the white pulp of the spleen contains | lymphocytes |
the serves as a valuable resiovior for | blood to be used when needed |
the spleen filters blood and removes microbes, using | phagocytosis to destroy the microbes it filters |
nongranular leukocytes complete maturation when the spleen assists with | hematopoiesis |
the spleen also destroys aging red blood cells and the ___ in the hemoglobin is stored for future use | iron |
function of the skin & mucous membranes as part of the immune system | generate secretions that help block entry of disease-causing, or pathogenic agents |
if bacteria passes the immune system's first line of defense it will then call on | the inflammatory response or deploy specially sensitized cells to attack |
the immune system is performed by lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, macrophages and | antibodies |
the immune system has specially designed proteins | called antibodies |
large pathogen-consuming cells found in various locations throughout the body are | called macrophages |
various locations throughout the body to find macrophages include | brain, liver, blood, lymph nodes & spleen |
natural immunity | present at birth, its development does not require exposure to an antigen |
natural immunity results in a(n) ___ ___ ___ against any foreigh organism | non-specific defensive reaction |
inflammation is characterized by | heat, redness, pain & swelling |
inflammation helps to | contain infection |
inflammation helps a return to normal by ____ the arrival of WBCs to the injured site | stimulating |
the WBCs surround & destroy bacteria, via phagocytosis | neutrophils & macrophages |
another set of lymphocytes that non-specifically attack tumor & virally infected cells by releasing cytokines | natural killer (NK) cells |
acquired active immunity | results when presence of disease generates production of antibodies |
antibodies created by acquired active immunity | provide protection from further infection |
modified toxin capable of inducing antibody production is called | a vaccination |
another way to acquire active immunity is through | a bone marrow transplant |
acquired passive immunity | occurs when preformed antibodies are received to obtain protection from a disease |
acquired passive immunity antibodies are not | produced internally |
one example of acquired passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies | across the placental membrane |
specific immunity | bodies ability to target particular microorganisms by means of a specific immune response |
specific immunity is provided by | B & T cells |
B & T cells are located in | the red bone marrow |
originate from stem cells in the red bone marrow | both B & T cells |
T cells travel from the red bone marrow | to the thymus, where they mature |
once matured B & T cells circulate to various lymph organs, but particulary to | the lymph nodes & spleen |
B cells do not attack ___ directly | pathogens |
antibody-producing plasma cells are from the family of | immunoglobulins |
some B cells, in the presence of an antigen, become | antibody-producing plasma cells |
immunoglobulins were called what by the Greeks? | humors |
humoral immunity | immunoglobulins carried by the blood & lymph |
when an antigen is encountered the B cell with that antigen receptor will bind to it & proliferate to become | B memory cells |
when an antigen is encountered the B cell with that antigen receptor will bind to it & activate to become | plamsa cells |
plasma cells make antibodies that will ___ to the same antigen | bind |
step 1 for B cells | recognize a specific antigen |
step 2 for B cells | some B cells become plasma cells |
step 3 for B cells | immunoglobulins react with antigens |
when T cells are presented with foreign antigens, they become ___ & begin to multiply rapidly | sensitized |
some of the sensitized T cells form | cytotoxic cells |
participate directly with destruction of antigens | the cytotoxic cells |
direct action of T cell lymphocytes | destroying foreign substances |
cell-mediated immunity | immunity mediated by T lymphocytes, either through release of lymphokines or through causing cytotoxicity directly against unwanted substances |
T cells also release ___ at site of infection to aid with antigen destruction by other cells | cytokines |
subsets of T cells within a clone are | helper, suppressor, killer & memory T cells |
helper, suppressor, killer & memory T cells serve a | regulatory function for specific immune mechanisms |
T cell activity begins when | macrophage identifies an antigen, ingests it & transports it to a T cell sensitized to react with that antigen |
the activated T cell divides repeatidly into a | clone |
killer T cells | seek to destroy the antigen |
helper T cells | stimulate the T & B cells enhancing the immune system |
suppressor T cells | inhibit/stop immune response when antigen destroyed |
memory T cells | remember encounter with antigen to respond if antigen present in the future |
derived from monocytes | dendritic cells |
dendritic cells are able to stimulate B&T cell response by ___ & presenting antigens to them | binding |
denritic cells are able to be exposed, in a lab culture, to an antigen and then | infused into a patient |
this plays a major role in specific immunity | T-cell lymphocytes |
Hypersensitivity reactions vary in degrees based on | responsivness of host, amount & kind of allergen, route of entrance into body, timing of exposures & site of reaction |
Anaphylaxis is a | life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that occurs throughout the body |
characterized by hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, and edema of the larynx leading to airway obstruction | Anaphylaxis |