Question | Answer |
Abduction | Movement of a body part AWAY from the midline.(abduct=to take away) |
Adduction | Movement of a body part TOWARD the midline. |
Articular Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints. |
Circumduction | Movement of a body part, such as limb, so that the end follows a circular path. |
Compact Bone | Dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons (haversian system) with no spaces. |
Condyle | A rounded process of a bone, usually forming a joint. |
Crest | A ridgelike projection of a bone. |
Diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone. |
Endochondral Bones | bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue. |
Endosteum | Tissue lining the medullary cavity within a bone. |
Epicondyle | A projection of bone above a condyle. |
Epiphyseal Plate | Cartaginous layer within the long bone epiphysis that grows. |
Epiphyses | The end of a long bone. |
Eversion | Outward turning movement of the foot so that the sole faces laterally. |
Extension | Movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint. |
Flexion | Bending at a joint that decreases the angle between bones. |
Fontanel | Membranous region between certain cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant. |
Foramen | An opening, usually in a bone o r membrane. |
Fossa | A depression in a bone or other part. |
Hematopoiesis | The production of blood cells from dividing stem and progenitor cells. |
Intramembranous Bones | Bone that forms from membrane like layers of primitive connective tissues. |
Levers | A simple mechanical device consisting of a rod, fulcrum, wieght, and a source of energy that is applied to some point on the rod. |
Marrow | Connective tissue in spaces within bones that includes blood forming stem and progenitor cells. |
Medullary Cavity | A cavity containing marrow within the diaphysis of a long bone. |
Osteoclasts | A cell that erodes bone. |
Osteocytes | A mature bone cell. |
Osteoblasts | A bone forming cell. |
Periosteum | A fibrous connective tissue covering on the surface of a bone. |
Process | A prominent bone projection. |
Pronation | Turning the palm of the hand downward while the forearm is parallel to the ground. |
Protraction | A forward movement of a body part. |
Retraction | Movement of a part toward the back. |
Rotation | Movement turning a body part on its longitudinal axis. |
Sinus | A cavity or space in a bone, or other body part. |
Spongy Bone | Bone that consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces; cancellous bone. |
Supination | Turning the palm of the hand upward while the forearm is parallel to the ground. |
Suture | An immovable joint. |
Trochanter | A broad process (prominent bone projection) on a bone. |
Tubercle | A small, rounded process on a bone. |
Tuberosity | An elevation or protuberance on a bone. |
What is the purpose of bones? | To provide a rigid framework and support structure for the whole body. |
Bones are a safety deposit box for _____. | Calcium |
Bone tissue contains lesser amounts of: | MagnesiumSodiumPotassiumCarbonate Ions |
The two types of bone marrow are? | Red and Yellow |
What are the different types of bones? | LongShortFlatIrregular |
Compact Bone (cortical bone) | Hard, dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons with no spaces. |
Function of Compact Bones | Provides strength and resistance to bending.The wall of the diaphysis is mainly composed of compact bone. |
When does bone formation begin? | The first few weeks of embryonic life and continues throughout adulthood. |
Intramembranous Bone Formation | Develop from layers of connective tissue.Most simple and direct form of ossification.Skull bones and clavicles are formed in this manner. |
Endochondral Bone Formation | Develops first as hyaline cartilage, which is later replaced by bone tissue.All other bones are formed in this manner. |
The human skeleton has two divisions they are: | Axial and Appendicular |
Axial Skeleton | Consists of bony and cartilaginious parts that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk. |
Appendicular Skeleton | Consists of the bones in the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton. |
How many bones are in the skull? | 22 Bones (8 Cranial Bones and 14 Facial Bones) |
Frontal Bone | Anterior portion of the skull above the eyes. |
Paretial Bones | One parietial bone is located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. |
Occipital Bone | Forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium. |
Temporal Bones | Form parts of the side and the base of the cranium. |
Sphenoid Bone | Forms the central part of the floor of the cranium. |
Ethmoid Bone | Form part of the roof of the nasal cavity. |
Sutures: | Joints between the 8 cranial bones. |
Sagittal: | midline between the two parietal bones. |
Coronal: | between the frontal bone and the parietal bones. |
Lambdoidal: | between the occipital and parietal bones. |
Squamosal: | between the temporal and parietal bones. |
Facial Skeleton: | Thirteen immovable bones and a moveable lower jawbone. |
Facial Skeleton: | Form the basic shape of the face and provide attachments for muscles. |
Facial bones include: | Maxillae.Palatine.Zygomatic.Lacrimal.Nasal.Vomer.Inferior nasal conchae.Mandible. |
Infantile skull: | *Incompletely developed, with fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones. *These membranous areas are called fontanels (soft spots). |
Vertebral Column: | Consist of 26 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. |
Vertebral Column: | Extends from the base of the skull into the pelvic girdle. |
The vertebral column is divided into five different sections: | CervicalThoracicLumbarSacrumCoccyx |
Cervical Vertebrae | Consist of 7 vertebrae |
Thoracic Vertebrae | Consist of 12 vertebrae. |
True or false? Thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae. | TRUE!!! |
Lumbar Vertebrae | Consist of 5 vertebrae. |
Sacrum | Triangular structure, composed of five fused vertebrae. |
Coccyx | The lowest part of the vertebral column.Composed of four fused vertebrae. |
Thoracic Cage: | Contains 12 pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages. |
This protects visceral organs and plays a role in breathing. | Thoracic Cage |
Sternum: | Located midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage. |
Sternum the flat, elongated bone develops in three parts: | Manubrium: the top portion. Articluates with the clavicles by facets on its superior border.Body: the middle portion. Xiphoid process: the bottom portion. |
Pectoral Girdle: | Composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. Forms an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs and is an attachment for several muscles that move them. |
Clavicles: | Located horizontally between the manubrium and the scapulae.Function is to hold the shoulders in place and provide attachments for the muscles of the upper limbs, chest and back. |
Scapulae: | Broad, triangular bones.The spine divides the posterior surface of each scapula into unequal portions. |
Humerus: | Extends from the glenoid cavity of the scapula to the elbow.Second largest bone in the body.Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow. |
Radius: | Extends from the elbow to the wrist and crosses over the ulna when the hand is turned so that the palm faces backward.Articulates with the humerus, ulna, and wrist. |
Ulna: | Longer than the radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly.At the proximal end, articulates with the humerus.At the distal end, articulates with the radius laterally and with a disk of fibrocartilage inferiorly. |
Hand: | Composed of 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 5 sets of phalanges. |
Carpal Bones: | Eight small carpal bones are firmly bound in two rows of four bones called the carpus. |
Pelvic Girdle | Consists of two coxae bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly. |
These form the bowl shaped pelvis. | The sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle. |
Femur: | Longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee. |
Patella | kneecap |
Foot: | consists of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 5 sets of phalanges. |
Cartilaginous Joint | Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement.Connected by disks of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.Vertebrae connected to each other by fibrocartilage as are the two pubis bones. |
Synovial Joints | Most joints in the skeletal system, which allow free movement. |
Synovial joints are classified as: | Ball and Socket.Condyloid.Gliding.Hinge.Pivot.Saddle. |
Ball-and-Socket Joint | Ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with the cup-shaped socket of another. (i.e. shoulder & hip joints) |