Question | Answer |
What compound forms hydrogen ions in solution? | Acid |
What is cohesion? | Attraction between molecules of same substance |
What is a base's function? | To form hydroxide ions in solutions |
What does polar mean? | Unequal distribution of charge |
What is adhesion? | Attraction between molecules of different substances |
What is a solvent? | Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution; ex: water |
What are five characteristics of water? | Cohesion (molecules stick together), high specific heat (heat needed to raise temperature), polar molecule (partial positive and partial negative charge), universal solvent (dissolves most chemicals), and it takes a lot of energy to change energy level |
What is a peptide bond? | Bond between amino acids in a protein |
What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates? | 1:2:1 |
What combines with a substrate, speeds up reaction rates, and is NOT used up in a reaction? | Enzyme |
What increases rate of chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical changes? | Catalyst |
What are the three types of monosaccharides? | Glucose- main source of energy
Fructose- sugar in fruit
Galactose- sugar in milk |
What are the three types of disaccharides? | Sucrose- common table sugar; glucose+fructose
Lactose- sugar in milk; glucose+galactose
Maltose- product of starch digestion; glucose+glucose |
What are the four types of polysaccharides? | Starch- how plants store food
Cellulose- cell wall of plants
Glycogen- how animals store food
Chitin- cell wall of fungus |
What combines with three fatty acids to make a triglyceride? | Glycerol |
What is the purpose of a lysosome? | To hold enzymes created by cell |
What are ribosomes? | Tiny bodies where proteins are synthesized for the cell |
What is a eukaryotic cell? | A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
What is a prokaryotic cell? | A cell lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (still has DNA floating in cytoplasm) |
What is a cell membrane? | A lipid bilayer with imbedded proteins that controls what enters and exits the cells |
What is cellular respiration and its formula? | Converts carbs to ATP; C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
What is photosynthesis and its formula? | Process of plants making their own food; 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
Where does photosynthesis take place? | Chloroplast |
What did Robert Hooke do? | Created the cell theory, identified cells and named them |
Can viruses grow and respond? | Yes, but they cannot do anything without a host |
How are viruses and cells similar? | They both contain genetic material |
What is the structure of a virus? | Nucleic acid core and protein coat |
What genetic material are viruses made of? | RNA or DNA, but never both |
What is exocystosis? | Removal of wastes out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane |
What is endocytosis? | Process by which the cell takes material inside it by the folding in of the cell membrane |
What is plasmolysis? | Shrinking of cell due to water leaving the cell |
Movement of substances using energy | Active transport |
What is osmosis? | Diffusion of water molecules from high to low across a semipermeable membrane |
What is diffusion? | Movement of molecules from the region of high concentration to the region of low concentration |
High concentration of a solute in a solution | Hypertonic |
Low concentration of a solute in a solution | Hypotonic |
What is cytolysis? | Bursting of cell due to water entering the cell |
What is equal concentration of a solute between two solutions? | Isotonic |
What are the three components of ATP? | Adenine, ribose, and phosphate |
Where does the light reaction in photosynthesis occur? | Thylakoid |
What are the two products made in the light reaction that are necessary to run the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH |
What is released when the third phosphate of ATP is removed? | Energy |
What cycle of cellular respiration produces high energy carriers that provide electrons for the ETC? | Krebs Cycle |
Where does Krebs Cycle occur? | In the matrix of the mitochondria |
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? | Stroma |
What is a pyruvate? | Three carbon end product of glycolysis |
What is a pigment? | Molecule that absorbs certain wavelength of light and reflects others |
What is anaerobic respiration? | Process that occurs in the muscle cells of animals when oxygen is absent |
Why does the Krebs cycle occur twice per glucose molecule? | Glucose breaks into two pyruvates |
What is the role of oxygen in ETC? | Final electron acceptor in cellular respiration |
What are the sides of a DNA strand made of? | Phosphate and deoxyribose sugar |
Who developed X-Ray Crystallography that used diffraction patterns to determine that DNA's structure was a helix? | Franklin and Wilkins |
What are rungs of DNA strands made of? | Nitrogenous bases |
What is a template? | A DNA strand used to make mRNA |
What are the two enzymes in replication? | Helicase (unzips DNA) and polymerase (adds nucleotides of new strand) |
Who developed an accurate model of DNA's three-dimensional structure? | Watson and Crick |
What are the components of a nucleotide? | Deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
What bonds are between strands of DNA? | Hydrogen |
In what phase do chromosomes line up along equator? | Metaphase in mitosis |
In what phase do chromosomes form and nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear? | Prophase in mitosis |
DNA replicates in the S phase in this stage of the cell cycle | Interphase |
Stages of mitosis in order | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
In what phase does the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform? | Telophase |
Where does translation take place? | Ribosome |
What is an anticodon? | Triplet on RNA that is complementary to mRNA codon |
What is the job of mRNA? | Take DNA message to ribosome |
What is the job of tRNA? | Carry amino acid to ribosomes |
What is a codon? | Triplet of mRNA |
What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? | Thick mucus in lungs and trouble breathing |
What are the symptoms of Huntington's disease? | Gradual deterioration of brain which causes uncontrollable movements and mental deterioration |
What are the symptoms of Phenylketonuria? | Results in mental retardation but can be prevented with low protein diet |
What mutation causes the reading frame to shift? | Frame-shift (point) |
What is a diploid? | A cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes |
Crossing over in a species leads to- | Genetic variation |
What is a tetrad? | Foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids |
What happens in Prophase I? | Synapsis occurs between homologous chromosomes |
What is crossing over? | Homologous pairs exchange genes |
What does homologous mean? | Pair of chromosomes where each chromosome is similar in shape, size, and genes they carry |
What is nondisjunction? | When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis |
What happens in Metaphase I? | Tetrads line up along equator |
What is a synapsis? | The action of homologous chromosomes pairing up |
What is a dihybrid? | Cross that follows two different genes as they pass from one generation to the next |
What is independent assortment? | Principle that states that gene pairs segregate randomly and independently of one another into gametes |
What is a monohybrid cross? | One trait or gene |
What is translocation? | Exchange of genes between two chromosomes |
What is inversion? | Genes on one chromosome are inverted |
Are hemophilia and colorblindness sex linked or chromosomal disorders? | Sex linked |
What is Klinefelter's syndrome? | XXY (male) |
What is Turner's syndrome? | X (female) |
What is a DNA fingerprint? | Formed by gel electrophoresis |
What is gel electrophoresis? | Separates DNA into fragments to make a fingerprint |
What is hybridization? | Selective breeding between different organisms |
What does recombinant mean? | Combination of DNA from two different organisms |
What is a microarray? | A tool used to look at how genes are expressed in different cells |