Term | Definition |
anatomy | study of structure/form of human body |
physiology | study of body's functions |
list characteristics of living organisms | 1. cellular composition
2. metabolism
3. excretion
4. growth
5. reproduction
6. responsiveness/irritability
7. movement |
cellular composition | cells = basic unit of life; all organisms composed of cells |
metabolism | chemical reactions
1. anabolism (build up)
2. catabolism (break down) |
excretion | eliminate potentially harmful waste products |
growth | anabolism > catabolism
1. increase size individual cells
2. increase number of cells |
reproduction | 1. individual cells - grow & replace
2. organism yields similar offspring |
responsiveness/irritability | sense/react to changes/stimuli in environment |
movement | of individual cells/ materials w/in or btwn cells |
list structural levels of organization in human body | 1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organism |
Chemical Level | smallest level; atoms - molecules |
Cellular Level | groups of molecules combined in specific way |
Tissue Level | 2+ cell types for common function
- cells & extracellular matrix |
Organ Level | 2+ tissue types
* recognizable shape & specialized task |
Organ System Level | body's organs grouped
2+ organs perform broad function |
Organism Level | human body |
types of anatomy | 1. systemic
2. regional
3. surface
4. gross
5. microscopic |
systemic anatomy | individual organ systems |
regional anatomy | divide by regions |
surface anatomy | surface markings of body |
gross anatomy | structures seen w/ unaided eye |
microscopic anatomy | need microscope
e.g. histology & cytology |
types of physiology | classified by organ/organ system
e.g neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology |
principle of homeostasis | maintenance of internal environment |
Negative feedback loop | "corrective"
oppose initial change; reduce output |
components needed for negative feedback loop | 1. receptor (sensor)
2. control center
3. effectors |
receptor | detects stimulus |
control center | usually nervous/endocrine systems |
effectors | cause physiological responses; return variable to normal homeostatic range |
difference between negative & positive feedback loops | positive - great, quick change
negative - corrective |
why is negative feedback most commonly used mechanism for homeostasis | |
relationship of structure & function | form of structure is always that best suits its function |
gradient | present any time more of something exists than another |
types of gradients | 1. temperature
2. concentration
3. pressure |
cell-cell communication | IOT coordinate body functions
1. chemical messengers
2. electrical signals |