Question | Answer |
What are the protective structures for the brain and spinal cord? | ~Cranial bones of the skull
~foramen magnum, vertebral foramen, transverse foramen
~meninges |
What things are alike in reference to protecting the structures of the brain and spinal cord? | ~bones of the skull and bones of the vertebrae
~meninges |
What are some differences between the brain and spinal cord in reference to the protective structures? | |
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? | ~protects the CNS from harmful substances and pathogens by preventing passage of these substances from blood into the interstitial fluid of brain tissue
*controls passage of substances from BLOOD into INTERSTITIAL FLUID of neural tissue* |
What are the function of astrocytes in the blood-brain barrier? | ~chemically control selective permeability into brain interstitial fluid
*keep electrolytes in balance* |
What are the function of brain-blood capillaries in the blood-brain barrier? | ~ tight cell junctions to limit permeability |
What cross through active transport through the blood-brain barrier? | ~glucose can pass through active transport |
What substances pass freely through blood-brain barrier? | ~ oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthetics, lipid-souble ions all cross freely through |
What substances are impermeable to the blood-brain barrier? | ~proteins, toxins, antibiotics, and drugs |
What makes up the structure of the blood-brain barrier? | ~tight junctions of endothelia cells |
What is the function of the CSF-brain barrier? | ~permits certain substances to enter the CFS but excludes other, protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood-borne substances
*controls passage from substances from BLOOD into CFS* |
What is the function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid? | ~ mechanical protection--protects agains shock absorb & buoyancy
~ chemical protection-- maintain ion homeostasis
~ circulation/exchange of oxygen and nutrients |
What makes up the structure of the CSF-brain barrier? | ~ependymal cells |
Trace the pathway of CFS from production to reabsorption. | |
What is the structure of the cerebrum? | ~contains an outer cerebra cortex, an internal region of cerebral white matter, and nuclei, functional clusters of neuronal cell bodies deep within the white matter |
What is the function of the cerebrum? | |
What structures are in the cerebrum? | ~gyrus, sulcus, fissure, lobes, white matter, gray matter, and limbic system |
What structure make up the diencephalon? | ~thalamus=conscious thought
~hypothalamus=unconscious thought process- homeostasis
~pineal gland= secretets melatonin hormone
~optic chiasm=
~mammillary body= smell |
What is the function of the diencephalon? | ~ forms a central core of brain tissue that extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum and surrounds the third ventricle
~involved in a wide variety or sensory and motor processing between higher and lower brain centers |
What structures make up the brain stem? | ~midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
What is the function of the brain stem? | |
What is the function of reticular formation ? | ~regulates wakefulness and arousal --- works with biological clock
~filters repetiive signals-- same oder strong at 1st then can't smell
~regulate posture & muscle tone |
What is the structure of reticular formation? | ~netlike region od interspersed gray and white matter
~ extends from the inferior part of the diencephalon, throughout the brain stem, and into the superior pear of the spinal cord |
What are the structures that are within the cerebellum? | ~cerebellar cortex, arbor vitae, cerebellar nuclei, cerebellar lobes, and cerebellar peduncles |
The arbor vitae is what in the cerebellum? | ~white matter that are deep in the gray matter tracts |
The cerebellar nuclei is what in the cerebellum? | ~region of gray matter that give rise to axons carrying impulses fem the cerebellum to other brain centers and to the spinal cord |
The cerebellar lobe is what in the cerebellum? | ~ |
The cerebellar peduncles does what for the cerebellum? | ~ attach the cerebellum to the brain stem |
The cerebellar cortex is what in the cerebellum? | ~ superficial layer consisting of gray matter in series of slender parallel folds |
what is the function of the cerebellum? | ~evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out
*POSTURE AND BALANCE |
What process happens when the cerebral motor areas are not being carried out properly? | ~detects the discrepancies
~sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex via connections to the thalamus
~feedback helps correct the problem, smooth the movements, and coordinate complex sequences of skeletal muscle contractions |
What is the function of the spinal cord? | |
What is the structure made up of in the spinal cord | |
Cervical Enlargement | supplies nerves to and from the upper limbs |
Lumbar Nerves | provide nerves to and from the lower limbs |
What are the pathways of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body? | spinal nerves |
The anterior fissure helps connect what? | connect the white matter of the left and ride sides of the spinal cord |
Horns of the spinal cord are made up of what? | gray matter on each side that is divided into subdivisions of posterior gray horns, anterior gray horns, and lateral gray horns |
Posterior horns contain what? | contain interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons |
Anterior horns contain what? | contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for skeletal muscle contractions |
What is between Posterior and Anterior horns | Lateral Gray Horns |
Lateral Gray Horns contains and does what for the spinal cord? | autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |